CHAPTER IV
DATA PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION

	After obtaining the needed data, in this chapter the writer presents data presentation and discussion of the data. This discussion is used to describe the realization of the Management of Face in the dialogues of the novel Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Sea by Jules Verne as outlined in the research problems. The discussion involves: (1) The strategies of the Management of Face which are used in the dialogues of the novel Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Sea by Jules Verne, (2) The illocutionary acts which are found in the dialogues containing the Management of Face in the novel Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Sea by Jules Verne.
	Since the study is conducted descriptive-qualitative, there are no numeral data will be presented.
	Before discussing the strategies of the Management of Face which are used in the dialogues of the novel Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Sea by Jules Verne, the writer presents the synopsis of the novel to make the analysis more easy. The synopsis of the novel is presented below.

A.	Synopsis of the Novel Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Sea by Jules Verne
Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Sea is a science-fiction novel by Jules Verne. The novel first published in 1869. In the novel, the chief character is Professor Pierre Aronnax. The novel uses first person point of view so in the narration of the novel, the ‘I’ refers to M. Aronnax. 
In 1866 a very strange event occurred. Many ships in some countries got a mysterious accident. Sailors who got the accident assumed that they were attacked by a monster.   Common people, scientists, artists, and even the government of several country interested with  the problem. US government then took action. They conducted an expedition across seas by the ship ‘Abraham Lincoln’ to catch the monster. The expedition was commaded by Commander Farragut. To succeed the expedition, US government gathered experienced people. There are Ned Land, a tempramental person, the king of harpooner from Canada; Professor Pierre Aronnax (Monsieur Aronnax), a marine scientist from France  which was accompanied by his maid Conseil; and experienced sailors and crews.
			One day, when the Abraham Lincoln crossed Japanese seas, she was attacked by the moster they were looking for. Though Abraham Lincoln was a great ship, the monster were better. The monster attacked the ship until throw some participants of the expedition to the sea.  Ned Land, M. Aronnax and Conseil were also thrown to the sea.
			Then Ned, M. Aronnax, and Coseil found a submarine vessel which they knew later as the monster they looked for. Meanwhile they were imprisoned by the crew of the vessel. the vessel was namely the Nautilus which belonged to Captain Nemo, a mysterious half-good, half-evil person.
			Being imprisoned in the Nautilus, led M. Aronnax, Conseil and Ned get extraordinary experience such as diving in an amazing submarine forest under Crespo Island, shark fishing in Bengal Bay, visiting the lost country Atlantis, and even an expedition to the South Pole. However, they awoke that living under water was not their nature. Even after they knew that Captain Nemo used the Nautilus as a tool for vangeance against human being, they tried to escape from the vessel. They finally could escape from the Nautilus by boat when the vessel met maelstrom, a whirlpool in the Norwegian Coast, from which no ship , once in it, could never escape. Their boat pulled into the whirlpool. Fortunately, they were safe and pulled onto a beach in Lofodden Islands. A fishermen rescued them so they could heal themselves and they could go back to their country.  

B.	The strategies of the Management of Face used in the dialogues of the novel Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Sea by Jules Verne
			The first research problem is to know the strategies of the Management of Face which are used in the dialogues of the novel Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Sea by Jules Verne. As mentioned in Chapter II, there are three factors to measure the degree of the politeness of the utterance: 1) power rating (P); 2) social distance (D); and 3) rating of imposition (R). Those factors lead the use of the strategies to avoid face threatening acts (FTA). And the strategies are: 1) bald-on-record; 2) positive politeness; 3) negative politeness; 4) off record; and 5) do not do FTA (be silent).

To analyze the dialogue, the writer takes the dialogue with the narration so the dialogue can be intelligible. The writer underlines the utterance containing the Management of Face and  inserts the factors and the strategies used below the dialogue in order to avoid misunderstanding of the analysis. The data presentation and discussion for the first research problem are presented as follows.
1.	One lovely evening, July 30, three weeks after our departure …
(M. Aronnax) ‘But if they do not exist, how do you explain what happened to the Scotia?’
	‘Perhaps- ‘ began Ned.
	(M. Aronnax) ‘Well, go on.’
‘Because it is not true,’ replied the Canadian. And there the conversation ended.  It was Ned Land’s business to harpoon the monster. But first we had to see it, and it was a matter of chance alone! (page 7)
Factors: D; M. Aronnax is older than Ned. He also more educated than him (professor vs. sailor) so M. Aronnax is more polite than Ned. P; Both M. Aronnax and Ned are the companion on the expedition of the ship ‘Abraham Lincoln’ so on the ship, their power is symmetric. R factor is not found in the dialogue.
Strategy: Ned uses off record strategy because he lets his utterance trail off and he  hopes M. Aronnax can understand what he means. However M. Aronnax asks him to go on record so Ned continues his sentence. 
2.	There was a general shout. The engine was started and the Abraham Lincoln turned in a half-circle.
	‘Go ahead!’ cried the commander. (page 9)
Factors:  P; The commander is the leader of the expedition, so he has power among the participants of the expedition.
Strategy: The commander uses bald-on-record strategy to take control  of the ship.

3.	The animal was indeed a whale. The commander called the engineer. ‘Have you plenty of steam?’
	‘Yes sir,’ replied the engineer.
	(Commander) ‘Good. Go ahead full speed.’ (page 10)
Factors: P; Commander, as the leader of the expedition has power among the   participants. 
Strategy: the commander uses bald-on-record strategy to make his utterance efficient.

4.	The animal moved a littlee distance away. This continued for about three-quarters of an hour. The commander got very angry. 
	‘Ned Land’ he cried. The Canadian approached him. ‘What are we to do?’
	(Ned) ‘If you can get me near enough, I will harpoon him.’
(Commander) ‘Go, Ned,’ replied the commander. ‘Go ahead faster!’ he cried to the engineer.
	(page 10-11)
Factors: P; The commander has power to direct all participants of the expedition. Meanwhile, Ned is only a harpooner, a participant of the expedition. D; The commander and Ned have asymetric position, so they have (-) solidarity. R; The dialogue above occurred in an emergency condition, so rating of imposition is not attended.  
Stratregy: Ned uses conventional indirect utterance to ask the commander to get him enough to the monster. In the other hand, the commander uses bald-on-record to Ned and the engineer to make his utterance clear and efficient.

5.	The two stangers exchanged some words in their incomprehensible language and then left. The door was again shut upon us.
This is wicked,’ exclaimed Ned Land. ‘Why, we have spoken French, English, German and they have not had the politeness to reply.’
‘Calm your self, Ned,’ said I to the angry harpooner. ‘Anger will do no good.’
	(page 17)
Factors: P; both Ned and M. Aronnax, with Conseil, are prisoned in the Nautilus so they have no power of each other. D; they all are same as prisoned people, so they have (+) solidarity.
Strategy: M. Aronnax uses off record strategy to ask Ned to be quite and keep calm. He chooses to give hint by saying ‘anger will do no good’ rather than ‘don’t be angry!’

6.	Meanwhile, the man silently laid the table and put three dishes on it, with silver covers.
 ‘This look good,’ said Conseil.
‘Bah!’ cried the angry Canadian (Ned). ‘What do you expect to eat here?’ Meat from a sea-dog.’
	‘We shall soon see,’ replied Conseil. (page 17)
Factors: P; both Conseil and Ned are prisoned in Nautilus so they have no power in the vessel. the man who laid the table actually has power over them. However, as the crew of Nautilus, he has to be silent to them who are prisoned. R; Conseil and Ned have (+) solidarity. In other hand they and the crew are (-) solidarity.
Strategy: By saying ‘this looks good’ Conseil chooses positive politeness by claiming his point of view that the dishes was nice. It indicates that Conseil wants to save the face of the man who laid the table. Next, Conseil uses off record strategy by giving hint to Ned when saying ‘we shall soon see’ rather than ‘shut up, enjoy your meal!’

7.	‘I disagree, sir,’ replied the Canadian (Ned). ‘We ought to do something.’
(M. Aronnax) ‘Well, what?’
	 (Ned) ‘Try to escape!’
(M. Aronnax) ‘To escape from a prison on Ned is difficult; but to get out of a submarine prison appears to me impossible.’
	The harpooner was silent.
‘It is very simple,’ he (Ned) said after some minutes. ‘We must change the prison itself.’
(M. Aronnax) ‘What, Ned, do you think we can escape from this vessel?’
(Ned)‘Why not, sir? If there are no more than 20 men on board, they will not be able to resist two Frenchmen and a Canadian, I don’t suppose?’
	I did not wish to discuss this.
‘Wait and see what happens,’ I said. ‘Promise me that you will take things quietly.’
	‘I promise, sir,’ replied Ned, but he did not sound as if he meant his words.
	‘I have your promise, Ned,’ I replied. (page 19)
Factors: P; M. Aronnax is more educated than Ned. However, both of them are prisoners of the Nautilus so they have equal power in the vessel. D; as prisoners of the Nautilus, they have (+) solidarity. R; as the prisoners of the Nautilus, they could not direct each other. What they can do are giving suggestion.
Strategy: M. Aronnax uses hint to suggest Ned not to escape from the vessel. However, Ned does not accept the suggestion. He minimizeds the imposition of his utterance by stating that to escape from the vessel is easy. Meanwhile, M. Aronnax suggests Ned not to escape by using other strategy: rhetorical question. Although Ned still defends his idea, M. Aronnax does not want to continue discussing about escape. So he goes on record to ask Ned to wait and see what will happen. He also uses hint by saying ‘promise me that you will take things quietly. ’ rather than ‘do not do harsh!’ Unfortunately, Ned uses positive politeness by saying ‘I promise, sir.’ to show M. Aronnax that he will accept his suggestion although in his mind he does not accept it. M. Aronnax understands  it so he uses hint by saying, ‘I have your promise, Ned,’ rather than ‘keep your promise, Ned!’

8.	He (Captain Nemo) continued.
‘You have doubtless thought that I have been a long time visiting you again. It was because I wished to consider your position. I am a man who has forsworn his fellow-men. You have come into my life-‘
‘It was not our intention-‘ I put in.
(Captain Nemo) ‘Not your intention!’ repeated the stranger, speaking more loudly. ‘Then why did the Abraham Lincoln chase me through the ocean so long? Why did you come on to that ship? Why did you shoot at me?’
‘Monsieur,’ said I, ‘You know nothing of the discussions in Europe and America about you. The Abraham Lincoln’s crew believed that they were chasing some powerful sea-monster.’
The stranger (Captain Nemo) gave a half-sigh. Then in a calmer tone he said: “Monsieur Aronnax, can you promise me that your ship would not have followed and fired at a submarine vessel?’
This question embarrassed me, for Commander Farragut would certainly have done so.
(Captain Nemo) ‘So you see, Monsieur,’ said the stranger, ‘that I am right to treat you as enemies.’
I did not reply.
Factors: P; As a prisoner, M. Aronnax has  no power in the Nautilus. In contrast, Captain Nemo as the captain of the Nautilus is the most powerful person in the vessel. he has power on M. Aronnax. D; M. Aronnax and Captain Nemo have (-) solidarity because they have an asymetric relationship as prisoner vs. the person who had the prison. R; the rating of imposition of the dialogue above is high. The captain forces M. Aronnax to obey him. As a prisoner, M. Aronnax has to obey what Captain Nemo direct.
Strategy: By saying ‘it was not our intention’, M. Aronnax uses over generalization to avoid FTA. The word ‘our’ in the utterance is a generalization. Meanwhile, Captain Nemo uses rhetorical question by uttering ‘…can you promise…?’ to indicate that his claim is right. Even, his strategy made M. Aronnax keeps silent because of feeling embarassed. M. Aronnax’s act of silent is also a strategy to save Captain Nemo’s face because replying Captain Nemo has too high risk. Captain Nemo continues  his utterance by claiming that he has no debt to M. Aronnax while M. Aronnax keeps silent to avoid more FTA.  

9.	He (Captain Nemo) paused for a long time before he spoke again.
‘But,’ said he, ‘You are human beings and deserve good treatment. You shall remain with us. You will be free here and I will ask only one condition. I may sometimes need to confine you to your cabin, for some hours, on some days. Do you accept that condition?’
	‘We accept,’ I replied. ‘But I wish to ask one question – only one.’
	‘Speak, Monsieur,’ he said.
(M. Aronnax) ‘What do you mean by your statement that we shall be free here?’
(Captain Nemo) ‘You have permission to go and come and look about you as you please, to see all that takes place here. In fact the same freedom as I and my companions have.’
‘Is that not the right of a civilised being?’ I said.
(Captain Nemo) ‘Monsieur, I am not a civilised being. I have broken with the world completely. I obey no laws.’
As he spoke an angry light shone in his eyes and in this man’s life I saw a terrible past. This man had put himself beyond all human laws. One could not reach him. For who would dare, or was able, to pursue him to the bottom of the sea? 
(page 20-21)
Factors: P; in the dialogues above we can see that Captain Nemo has power over M. Aronnax because he is the captain of the Nautilus. In contrast, M. Aronnax has no power over the captain because he is only a prisoner. D; The position of the captain and M. Aronnax are asymetric (the captain vs. the prisoner) so they have (-) solidarity.  R; Captain Nemo’s utterances are too weight of rating of imposition. By stating that he is not civilised being, he direct M. Aronnax to obey all he said. In other words, the captain stated that he has his own law.
Strategy: In the first utterance, Captain Nemo claims common ground to indicate that he and M. Aronnax have the same value of respecting human being, especially whom deserve good treatment. Meanwhile, he employs negative politeness strategy to minimize the imposition of his utterance by saying ‘I will ask only one condition.’
M. Aronnax also minimizes the imposition of his utterance by stating,‘But I wish to ask one question, only one.’ He also uses tautology in the utterance. 
The captain then replies M. Aronnax using the combination of bald-on-record strategy and giving deference.
In the last dialogue above, M. Aronnax uses rhetorical question to minimize threatening the captain’s face but it was not sucessful and the captain becomes angry. 

10.	‘I beg your pardon,’ I said, ‘but the liberty you would give us is that of a prisoner, to walk around his prison. That is not enough for us.’
(Captain Nemo) ‘Well, it has to be enough.’
(M. Aronnax) ‘What! Are we never to see our friends, relatives and country again?’
(Captain Nemo) ‘No, Monsieur, you are not. But this will not be such a great sacrifice.’
	‘Well!’ cried Ned. ‘I will not promise not to try to escape.’
	‘Sir,’ I said, ‘you are cruel.’
(Captain Nemo)‘No sir, I am not. You are my Prisoners of war.
Factors: P; in the dialogues above, Captain Nemo has power over M. Aronnax and Ned. In the other hand M. Aronnax and Ned do not have power over the captain .  D; As the captain vs. the prisoners, Captain Nemo has asymetric position with M. Aronnax and Ned so they have (-) solidarity. In the meantime, M. Aronnax and Ned have (+) solidarity as companions and prisoners of the Nautilus.
Strategy: M. Aronnax starts his utterance with apologizing and replied by Captain Nemo by stating the indebtness of M. Aronnax. Contrary to M. Aronnax and Captain Nemo, Ned uses contradiction statement to encourage Captain Nemo to interpret what he actually meant.
In the next utterance, M. Aronnax uses bald-on-record to state his feeling clearly to the captain. However, the captain keeps cool and claims his view point of supposing M. Aronnax and his companions as prisoners of war so he can do everything to M. Aronnax and Ned.

11.	‘Try this cigar,’ said the captain. ‘I think you will like it.’
	I took the cigar and lit it.
‘It is excellent,’ I said, ‘but it is not tobacco.’
	‘No,’ replied the captain, ‘It is a kind of sea plant.’
 (page 25)
Factors:P; Captain Nemo is more powerful than M. Aronnax in the Nautilus because he is the captain of  the Nautilus. D; as captain vs. prisoner, Captain Nemo and M. Aronnax have (-) solidarity. However, sometimes they get closer as in the dialogue above. R; From the dialogue above we know that Captain Nemo and M. Aronnax are getting closer so the rating of imposition of the utterances are low. 
Strategy: Captain Nemo uses the strategy of positive face by conveying that he and M. Aronnax are cooperators. M. Aronnax replies the captain by using claim common ground strategy to indicate that he has same opinion about the cigarette. 

12.	‘Ah!’ I cried, ‘there is no doubt that your Nautilus is a wonderful vessel!’
‘Yes,’ replied Captain Nemo, with emotion, ‘indeed she is, and I love her as my own child. You can understand how proud I am of my Nautilus, since I myself am its constructor, engineer and captain.’
Factors: P; M. Aronnax, as the prisoner of the Nautilus has no power over Captain Nemo. D; as prisoner vs. captain, they are not close so they have (-) solidarity.
Strategy: in the dialogue above, M. Aronnax claims his perspective about the Nautilus to safe Captain Nemo’s positif face.
	 
13.	(M. Aronnax) ‘A last question, Captain Nemo.’
(Captain Nemo) ‘What is it?’
	 (M. Aronnax) ‘I suppose you are very rich?’
(Captain Nemo) ‘Incredibly wealthy, Monsieur. I could easily pay the ten millions of the French debt.’
I gazed at this extraordinary individual. Was he telling the truth? The future would show.
	(page 28)
Factors: P; Captain Nemo is more powerful than M. Aronnax in the Nautilus because he is the captain and the owner of the vessel. In contrast, M. Aronnax is a prisoner of the Nautilus so he has no power over the captain. D; As captain vs. prisoner, they have (-) solidarity.
Strategy: in the first utterance, M. Aronnax minimizes the imposition of his utterance by saying, ‘a last question’. He uses the strategy to save Captain Nemo’s negative face. In his next utterance, he uses rhetorical question when asking whether the captain is very rich. This strategy is off record strategy to save Captain Nemo’s positive face. Captain Nemo’s answer surprises M. Aronnax. However, to avoid FTA he keeps silent.

14.	  … They  (Ned and Conseil) asked me a thousand questions about Captain Nemo and his boat…
(Ned) ‘Well, I think perhaps they are. But how many men do you think there are on the ship? Ten -20 - 50 – 100?’
‘I do not know how to answer,’ I said. ‘Take my advice and stop thinking about escape. This boat is one of the masterpieces of modern industry and I would have been sorry not to see it. So keep quiet and try to see what is going on.’ 
‘See!’ replied the harpooner. ‘One will see nothing in this iron prison.’ 
(page29- 30)	
Factors: P; Ned and M . Aronnax are equal in power as prisoners of the Nautilus. D; Ned and M. Aronnax are companions so they have (+) solidarity although they have different background and age.
Strategy: in the dialogue above, M. Aronnax uses off record strategy by giving understatement to Ned to indicate that he does not want to argue with Ned. M. Aronnax continues his utterance and employes bald-on-record strategy to ask Ned stop thinking about escape and to keep quite.

15.	(Captain Nemo) ‘Professor, you should never judge men quickly. Listen to me if you please and you will see if I am mad.’
(M. Aronnax) ‘I am listening.’
(Captain Nemo) ‘You know that man can live under water if he can carry with him his own air. I use the Rouquayrol_Denayrouze apparatus, which I have changed for my own use. This apparatus consist of a box of sheet iron in which I keep the air. It is carried on the back. I put a helmet on my head and attack two tubes to it from the apparatus. In this way I can breathe.’
		….
‘Well,’ I said, ‘I have no more questions. Where you go- I go.’
We went to the cabin where Ned and Conseil were seated and I called them to accompany us. (page 33)
Factors: Captain Nemo has power over M. Aronnax because he is the captain and the owner of the Nautilus, and M. Aronnax is his prisoner. D; they have asymetric position as captain vs. prisoner so they have (-) solidarity.
Strategy: In the dialogue above, Captain Nemo uses off record strategy by giving hint. He actualy can say ‘Do not suppose me as a mad man!’. He chooses the strategy to safe M. Aronnax’s negative face. M. Aronnax replies the captain’s utterance by claiming common ground. He states that he is listening to the captain to safe the captain’s positive face. In the last utterance, M. Aronnax uses the strategy of minimizing imposition and claiming common ground to state that he accept what Captain Nemo said. 
16.	'An accident has happened?' I said.
	'No, an incident,' he (Captain Nemo) replied.
	'But an incident which may force you to return to land again,’ I said.
He gazed at me with a curious expression and shook his head, as if to say that nothing on earth could make him do so.
(Captain Nemo) 'The Nautilus is not lost, M. Aronnax. Our voyage has only just begun and I have no wish to lose your company so soon.’
Factors: P; Captain Nemo has power over M. Aronnax. In the other hand, M. Aronnax has no power over the captain because he is the prisoner of the captain  D; they have (-) solidarity because they have asymetric position as the captain vs. the prisoner of the vessel.
Strategy: In his first utterance, Captain Nemo uses understatement by supposing an accident as an incident. He showed M. Aronnax that there is no problem to be worried about the vessel. M. Aronnax disagrees with the opinion of the captain and to avoid FTA he gives association clues that an incident could make the captain return to land again.  However, Captain Nemo does not accept M. Aronnax’s statement and replies optimistically to indicate that there is no difficulties cannot be solved by the captain and his crew.

17.	(Ned) 'Very good, M. Aronnax,' replied Ned, 'then I will eat lion-steak if there are no other four-legged animals on the island.'
'Ned is beginning to worry me,' said Conseil.
'I promise you,' said Ned, 'the first animal on four legs, without fathers, or the first on two legs, with fathers, shall be met a shot from my gun.'
'What a rash man you are, Ned!' I replied.
'Don't worry, M. Aronnax,' answered Ned. 'In 25 minutes I myself shall provide you with a meal.' (page 41)
Factors: P; Ned, Conseil, and M. Aronnax are companions although they have different background as sailor, maid, and professor. They have equal power each other. D; as companions, they are close so they have (+) solidarity.
Strategy: In the dialogue above, Conseil uses hint to Ned. Actually he asks Ned not to make him worried. In the other hand, M. Aronnax uses joke to claim what he feels. He know Ned wont be threaten  by his utterances.

18.	He (Captain Nemo) questioned me with much interest and friendliness about the island and our hunting and did not appear to understand the Canadian's desire for fresh meat. He ended the conversation by saying:
'Tomorrow afternoon, at 20 minutes to three, the Nautilus will float and leave Torres Strait undamaged.'
This was the signal for my departure and I returned to my room. (page 46-47)
Factors: Captain Nemo has power over M. Aronnax since M. Aronnax is his prisoner.
Strategy: To end the conversation, Captain Nemo uses hint. He actually asks M. Aronnax to leave him. 

19.	(Conseil) 'Well then, I suggest that Monsieur eat his breakfast. It is wise, for we do not know what may happen.'
(M. Aronnax) 'You are right, Conseil.'
	'Unfortunately,' said Ned, 'they only give us ordinary ship's food.'
'Friend Ned,' said I, 'what would you have done if there had been no breakfast at all?'
This remark put an end to Ned's complaints. We sat down and ate in silence. (page 51)
Factors: P; M. Aronnax, Conseil, and Ned have equal power each other as companions. However, M. Aronnax is older and more educated than Ned. D; as companions, M. Aronnax, Conseil and Ned have (+) solidarity.
Strategy: in the dialogue above, M. Aronnax uses rhetorical question strategy to ask Ned not to complain the menu.

20.	(M. Aronnax) 'Just so, Ned. Incidentally, are you afraid of sharks?'
‘I?’ Exclaimed Ned. ‘A harpooner! Why, I laugh at them!’
	‘But’ said I, ‘It is not a question of fishing for them from the platform –‘
(Ned) ‘Then it is –‘
(M. Aronnax) ‘Yes, exactly.’
(Ned) ‘In the water?’
(M. Aronnax) ‘Yes, in the water.’
(Ned) ‘Well, with a strong harpoon, I don’t know. You understand that these sharks are very awkward creatures. They must turn on their backs to snap you up, and in the meantime –‘  Ned’s way of pronuncing ‘snap you up’ made my blood run cold. (page 58)
Factors: P; M. Aronnax and Ned have equal power in the Nautilus since both of them are prisoners. D; as companions, M. Aronnax and Ned are close so they have (+) solidarity.
Strategy: Both M. Aronnax and Ned uses vagueness and lets the hearer interpret what they actually means.

21.	‘What about our guns?’ I said.
‘Guns, for what?’ he (Captain Nemo) said. ‘Here is a knife for you. Put it in your waist-belt and let’s go. (page 59) 
Factors: P; Captain Nemo are more powerful than M. Aronnax. Beside he was the captain, in the the dialogue above, he was conducting a shark fishing in the Bengal bay.  D; there are an asymetric position of the captain and M. Aronnax so they have (-) solidarity. R; the dialogue above has a high rating of imposition for M. Aronnax since the was forced to join the shark fishing and could not refuse the captain’s invitation. 
Strategy: Captain Nemo uses bald-on-record strategy to get M. Aronnax accept his invitation to join the shark fishing.

22.	(Captain Nemo) ‘Did you know that the sea contained such riches, Professor?’
(M. Aronnax) ‘I have heard that the silver in these waters has been estimated at two millions.’
(Captain Nemo) ‘No doubt. All I have to do is to collect what has been lost; and not only here, but at the scene of a thousand other shipwrecks. Now do you perceive why I am so rich?’
(M. Aronnax) ‘Yes, Captain. But it is sad that there is so much treasure under the sea when there are so many poor and unhappy people who could make use of it.’
‘What!’ said Captain Nemo. ‘Is it for myself, do you think, that I collect these riches? Who has told you that I do not make a good use of it all? Do you think that I do not know that suffering people and oppressed races exist on the earth? Do you not understand?’ 
Captain Nemo stopped himself, regretting, perhaps, that he had said so much. But I had guessed. He had decided to find freedom on the ocean but he was a man at heart. (page 74-75)
Factors: P; As the captain and the owner of the Nautilus, Captain Nemo has power over M. Aronnax. D; The position of Captain Nemo and M. Aronnax is always asymetric so they have (-) solidarity.
Strategy: The first underlined dialogue of Captain Nemo indicates that the captain uses overstatement to claim his right. In contrast, M. Aronnax uses hint to indicate that he disagees with the captain and suggest him not to use the treasure for himself. M. Aronnax’s utterance, however leads FTA on the captain so the captain becomes angry and utters ‘Is it for my self, do you think I collect these riches?’ as rhetorical question to explain that he shares the treasures for oppressed people all over the world.   
23.	At last they fled. The sea became calm again. We ascended to the surface; the panels were opened; we hurried to the platform. The ocean was covered with dead bodies. The waves were coloured red for several miles and we appeared to be sailing in a sea of blood. 
Captain Nemo now joined us.
	‘Well, Master Land!’ he (Captain Nemo) said.
‘Well, sir!’ replied the Canadian (Ned). ‘It really is a terrible sight; but I am not a butcher, myself; I am merely a hunter and this has been butchery.’
‘It was only a massacre of dangerous animals,’ replied the captain, ‘and the Nautilus is not a butcher’s knife.’
	‘I prefer my harpoon,’ replied Ned.
‘Everyone to hiss own weapon,’ replied the captain, looking steadily at the Canadian, who looked more than a little angry. (page81- 82)
Factors: P; Captain Nemo has power over Ned since Ned is his prisoner. In the opposite, Ned has no power over the captain. D; As the owner of the vessel and the prisoner, Captain Nemo and Ned have (-) solidarity.
Strategy: in the dialogue above, Ned uses two strategies. The first strategy is used to save the negative face of Captain Nemo by using overstatement. And the second strategy is giving hints to Captain Nemo to indicate that he disagrees with the captain.

24.	Although Captain Nemo tried hard to break up the ice, the Nautilus remained motionless. It could move neither forward nor backward, for ice had already formed behind.
I was on the platform when the captain said to me:
(Captain Nemo) ‘Well, Professor, what do you think of this?’
(M. Aronnax) ‘I think we are prisoners, Captain.’
(Captain Nemo) ‘Prisoners! So you think that the Nautilus cannot get away?’
(M. Aronnax) ‘It will be very difficult.’
Factors: P; M. Aronnax is powerless to the captain since he is the prisoner of the Nautilus. D; M. Aronnax and the captain have (-) solidarity.
Strategy: M. Aronnax uses understatement to avoid FTA to the captain by uttering ‘It will be very difficult’ although he actually means ‘it is impossible to get away from the iceberg.’

25.	I asked Captain Nemo if he had already discovered ‘the Pole’, which had never yet been touched by human foot.
‘No, Professor,’ he (Captain Nemo) replied, ‘we will discover it together. Where other people have failed I will not fail.’
‘I wish to believe you, Captain,’ I replied, ‘I do believe you. Let us go on. Let us fly over the south Pole.’ 
‘Over it, Professor?’ said the captain calmly. ‘Not over it – under it! What to an ordinary vessel is impossible, to the Nautilus is easy. There are not more than 900 feet below water; and what is a depth of 900 feet to the Nautilus?’ 
(M. Aronnax) ‘Nothing at all.’ (page 84-85)
Factors: P; Both Captain Nemo and M. Aronnax are educated  people. However, they have different position in the Nautilus as captain vs. prisoner so Captain Nemo has power over M. Aronnax. D; As captain and prisoner, Captain Nemo and M. Aronnax have (-) solidarity. Although M. Aronnax can get closer with Captain Nemo when they were discussing science, their relationship became further when Captain Nemo supposed M. Aronnax as his prisoner. 
Strategy: To redress Captain Nemo’s positive face, M. Aronnax uses tautologies by uttering ‘I wish to belive you… I do believe you.’ Meanwhile, by uttering ‘nothing at all’ M. Aronnax intent to save the positive face of the captain trough claiming common ground to indicate that he has the same idea with the Captain.  

26.	My first words were of thanks to my two companions. Ned and Conseil had saved my life. All my thanks could not repay them.
‘My friends,’ I said, ‘I shall always remember this, and shall find some way to repay you.’
‘I shall hold you to that,’ said the Canadian (Ned). 
‘How?’ asked Conseil.
(Ned) ‘I shall ask you to come with me when I leave the Nautilus.’
Meanwhile the Nautilus was going at great speed. (page 93)
Factors: P; M. Aronnax, Conseil, and Ned have equal power in the Nautilus as prisoners although they have different background as professor, maid, and sailor. D; as companions, they have a close relationshipship so they have (+) solidarity.
Strategy: M. Aronnax is grateful to Conseil and Ned for his debt to them. Meanwhile, Ned uses understatement to remember M. Aronnax to keep his promise. Ned also utters conventional indirect question to ask M. Aronnax and Conseil to join him to leave the Nautilus.
27.	‘As you saved me, I saved you,’ said the captain to Ned Land.
	Ned bowed, but did not reply. (page 96)
Factors: P;  Captain Nemo is more poweful than Ned in the Nautilus. He also more educated. D; Beside their asymetric position as captain vs. prisoner, Ned dislikes Captain Nemo so they have (-) solidarity. 
Strategy: Captain Nemo redresses Ned in incurring his debt to Ned. And, Ned replies him by using gestures to indicate that it was nevermind for him.

28.	‘Monsieur,’ said he (Ned) one day, ‘this must come to an end.’
	I said nothing.
	‘Well, sir?’ said Ned.(page 97)
Factors: P; Both Ned and M. Aronnax are prisoners of the Nautilus so they have equal power in the vessel. D; As companions, Ned and M. Aronnax have (+) solidarity.
Strategy: Starting his utterance with ‘Monsieur,’ Ned uses deference to avoid FTA. He continues his utterance with giving association clues of leaving the Nautilus. Meanwhile, M. Aronnax can say nothing. It is his strategy to avoid FTA to Ned. The strategy is an opting out choice-genuine because M. Aronnax did not have any intention to Ned. Ned himself continues speaking by using deference to repeat his question to M. Aronnax about the plan of leaving the Nautilus.

29.	The captain was in his room. He was at his table working, and he had not heard me. I approached him. He raised his head suddenly, frowned, and said rudely:
(Captain Nemo) ‘You here! What do you want?’
(M. Aronnax) ‘To speak to you, Captain.’
(Captain Nemo) ‘But I am at work.’
‘Yes,’ said I coldly, ‘but I must speak to you now.’
Factors: P; As the captain and the owner of  the Nautilus, Captain Nemo is more poweful than M. Aronnax in the vessel. D; The captain and M. Aronnax have (-) solidarity because they have asymetric relationship as the captain vs. the prisoner.
Strategy: Captain Nemo uses bald-on-record strategy in order to make his utterance clear and effective because he is at work at that time. Meanwhile, M. Aronnax also goes on record to get his aim of speaking reached fast.

30.	He (Captain Nemo) looked at me for a moment and then said:
‘M. Aronnax, here is a manuscript, written in several languages. It contains the story of my life, and of my studies beneath the sea. This manuscript will be put in a small unsinkable case. The last of all of us on the Nautilus will throw this into the sea and it will go wherever the waves may carry it.’
The name of this man, his history written by himself! The mystery shall then be explained some day!
‘Captain,’ I replied, ‘This is excellent. But who knows where the wind may carry your work? I and my companions will take care of this manuscript, and if you give us our liberty –‘
‘Your liberty!’ exclaimed Captain Nemo, rising.
(M. Aronnax) ‘Yes, and this is why I came to speak to you. For seven months we have been on this ship, and I ask you today if you intend to keep us here for ever.’
(Captain Nemo) ‘M. Aronnax, I will reply to you today as I replied to you seven months ago. Whoever enters the Nautilus must never leave it.’
‘Captain Nemo,’ said I, ‘as for myself, my studies are a great pleasure to me. I admire you and understand you a little. But in many ways you are a complete stranger to us and this makes our position impossible, even for me, and certainly for Ned Land.’
I was silenced by the captain, who said:
‘Ned Land may think and do what he pleases. What does it matter to me. I have no more to say. This is the first time you have spoken on this subject to me –let it be the last.’ (page 98)
Factors: P; Captain Nemo has power over M. Aronnax because M. Aronnax is the prisoner of his vessel. D; As captain vs. prisoner, Captain Nemo and M. Aronnax have asymetric position so they have (-) solidarity.  R; the rating imposition in the dialogue above is high. By combining all Factors of the dialogue, it can be understood that the wightiness of the FTA is very weighty.
Strategy: to avoid FTA on Captain Nemo, M. Aronnax employes positive politeness by stating his admiration of his work. After that, he uses rhetorical question to imply his intention for asking liberty from the captain. However, Captain Nemo refuses what M. Aronnax asks. M. Aronnax then gives reason of his request by saying ‘for seven months we have been on this ship…’ The captain replies M. Aronnax utterance by bald-on-record strategy to emphasize his intention of keeping M. Aronnax and his companions in the Nautilus. And by uttering ‘Whoever enters the Nautilus must never leave it,’ the captain uses over generalize strategy to force M. Aronnax to obey him. M. Aronnax uses reason in his next utterance as a strategy to save Captain Nemo’s positive face. Nevertheless, M. Aronnax finaly keeps silent for the captain’s utterance contains very weighty FTA.
	
31.	And he (Captain Nemo) displayed a black flag similar to the one he had put at the South Pole. Then looking at me, he said:
‘Go below, you and your companions.’
(M. Aronnax) ‘Monsieur,’ I cried, ‘do you intend to attack that ship?’
(Captain Nemo) ‘Monsieur, I am going to sink her.’
(M. Aronnax)  ‘You will not do that, I hope?’
(Captain Nemo) ‘I will,’ replied Captain Nemo coldly, ‘and I advise you not to judge me. The attack has begun. The revenge will be terrible! Go down!’
		The Canadian, Conseil and I had no choice. (page 100-102.)
Factors: P; Captain Nemo is most powerful person in the Nautilus since he is the captain and the owner  the vessel. In contrast, M. Aronnax is the prisoner of the Nautilus so he has no power over the captain. D; Captain Nemo and M. Aronnax have (-) solidarity because they do not have close relationshipship. R; The rating of imposition of Captain Nemo’s utterances are very high so the FTA was very weight.
Strategy: By saying ‘Monsieur…’ actually M. Aronnax tries to avoid FTA by giving deference. However, Captain Nemo is very angry and by using the same strategy he defends his desire. Meanwhile, M. Aronnax uses rhetorical question to try to stop Captain Nemo but Captain Nemo goes forward and indicating indebtness to refuse M. Aronnax’s suggestion.   
32.	… About four in the afternoon I went up on the platform. The captain was walking up and down excitedly. I started to speak but he silenced me.
(Captain Nemo) ‘I am the law here; I am justice. I am the oppressed and there is an oppressor. Through him I have lost everything I have loved: country, wife, children, father, mother. I have seen them all die. All I hate is there. Be silent.’ (page 103.)
Factors: P; Captain Nemo is the captain of the Nautilus so he is more powerful than M. Aronnax whom is his prisoner. D; since they have asymetric position in the Nautilus, they have (-) solidarity. R; the rate of imposition from Captain Nemo to M. Aronnax is very high.
Strategy: Captain Nemo uses the strategy of disassociating speaker and hearer from the particular imposition to claim that he do no wrong. Finally, M. Aronnax can do nothing but keep silent to avoid FTA to Captain Nemo because he finds  that the FTA is too weight.

In short, the dialogues of the novel Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Sea contains all strategies of the Management of Face, those are bald-on-record, positive politeness, negative politeness, off record, and do not do FTA (be silent). The strategies are employed by the characters of the novel to avoid FTA on the addressee . The characters use a single strategy of the Management of Face or combine more than one of the strategy in the dialogue.

C.	The Illocutionary Acts Found in the Dialogues Containing the Management of Face in the Novel Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Sea by Jules Verne.
		The second research problem is to know the illocutionary acts found in the dialogues containing the Management of Face in the novel Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Sea by Jules Verne.
		Illocutionary acts is the making of a statement, offer, promise, etc. in uttering a sentence by virtue of the conventional force associated with it. Meanwhile, John R. Searle classified speech acts into: 1) representatives (assertives); 2) directives; 3) commissives; 4) expressives; and 5) declarations. 
		Since the subjects of the study are the dialogues of the novel, the writer takes the illocutionary which occurred in the dialogues according to Searle’s classification of speech acts. The writer uses the narration of the dialogues to make the dialogues make sense. The illocutionary acts found in the dialogues containing the Management of Face are presented as follow.

1.	Representatives (Assertives) are assertion about a state affairs in the world and thus carry the values of ‘true’ or ‘false’. 
The witer takes some examples of this kind of speech acts from the dialogues containing the strategies of the  Management of Face in the novel as presented below.
a.	(Captain Nemo) ‘Try this cigar,’ said the captain. ‘I think you will like it.’
I took the cigar and lit it. (dialogue no. 11)
	In the dialogue above, Captain Nemo offers a cigar to M. Aronnax. By stating ‘I think you will like it’ he concludes that M. Aronnax like the cigar. Concluding is a type of assertives speech acts. 
b.	'An accident has happened?' I said.
 (Captain Nemo) ‘No, an incident.’ (dialogue no. 16)
	In the dialogue above, Captain Nemo states that the accident is only an incident for him. He intends to state that there is no serious problem happens, so it is an example of representatives speech acts .
c.	Although Captain Nemo tried hard to break up the ice, the Nautilus remained motionless. I was on the platform when the captain said to me:
‘Well, Professor, what do you think of this?’
…
‘It will be very difficult.’
In the dialogue above M. Aronnax intends to state his opinion about the condition. His opinion can be true or false so M. Aronnax’s statement is a kind of representatives speech acts. 
2.	Directives are speech acts which embody an effort on the part of the speaker to get the hearer to do something. 
The examples of directives speech acts which are taken from the dialogues containing the strategy of the Management of face in the novel are presented as follow.
a.	There was a general shout. The engine was started and the Abraham Lincoln turned in a half-circle.
(Commander) ‘Go ahead!’ (dialogue no. 2)
The Commander directs the crew of the ship to go ahead. Because the commander intends the crew to do something in the future of his speech, his act is classified into directives speech acts.
b.	‘What about our guns?’ I said.
(Captain Nemo)‘…Put it in your waist-belt and let’s go’. (dialogue no. 21)
	In the dialogue above, Captain Nemo asks the hearer (M. Aronnax) to put his waist-belt. Asking the hearer to do something is a criteria of directives speech acts. 
c.	The captain was in his room. He was at his table working, and he had not heard me. I approached him. He raised his head suddenly, frowned, and said rudely:
(Captain Nemo) ‘You here! What do you want?’ (dialogue no. 29)
	Captain Nemo asks the hearer (M. Aronnax) why M. Aronnax is in his room. Captain Nemo’s speech is a kind of directives because he intends to ask M. Aronnax. Moreover,questioning is acriteria of directives speech acts.
3.	Commissives are speech acts which get the speaker to do something in the future. 
The examples of commissive speechs acts which are taken from the dialogues containing the strategy of the Management of face in the novel are presented as follow.
a.	I did not wish to discuss this.
 …I said.‘Promise me that you will take things quietly.’
(Ned) ‘I promise, sir,’ (dialogue no. 7)
	In the dialogue above, Ned creates an obligation in himself to do what he had promised. By promising, he creates commissives speech acts. 
b.	 (Captain Nemo invited M. Aronnax and his companions at a shouting party in a submarine forest. M. Aronnax and Captain Nemo discussed about the shouting party and how they could breath underwater in a submarine forest. )
(Captain Nemo) ‘Professor…,you know that man can live under water if he can carry with him his own air…
(M. Aronnax)… ‘how can you obtain light at the bottom of the sea?’
(Captain Nemo) ‘I use the ruhmkorff apparatus…’
(M. Aronnax) ‘I have no more questions. Where you go- I go.’ (dialogue no. 15)
	In the dialogue above, M. Aronnax promises Captain Nemo by saying ‘where you go- I go’. M. Aronnax intends to state that he will follow the captain wherever he goes. M. Aronnax’s speech is a type of commissives speech acts because by saying the speech, he creates an obligation on himself to do what he says.

4.	Expressives are speech acts express the inner state or a psychology state of the speaker. 
Here are some examples which are derived from the dialogues containing the strategy of the Management of face in the novel.
a.	Meanwhile, the man silently laid the table and put three dishes on it, with silver covers.
(Conseil) ‘This look good,’(dialogue no. 6) 
	Conseil shis feeling of the dishes. He intends to comment on the dishes and to thank the man who laid the table. Thus, Conseil’s utterance is a type of expressives speech acts.

b.	(Captain Nemo explained the detail of the Nautilus to M. Aronnax)
(M. Aronnax)‘there is no doubt that your Nautilus is a wonderful vessel!’(dialogue no. 12) 
	In the dialogue above M. Aronnax intends to express his admiration to the Nautilus. He expresses what he feels so he produces expressives speech acts.
c.	Furiously, we fought ten or 12 of these monsters. …Suddenly, Ned Land was  overturned by the arms of one of these creatures… I ran to help him but Captain Nemo was there before me. He threw his axe into the creature’s mouth, and the Canadian then plugged his harpoon into its heart.
(Captain Nemo) ‘As you saved me, I saved you,’ (dialogue no. 27)
	Captain Nemo intends to express his thanks to Ned by uttering ‘as you saved me, I saved you.’ Because Ned saved him, he saved Ned. Thanking is an example of expressives speech acts.
 
5.	Declarations are kind of speech acts which effect the immediate changes in the institutional state of affairs and which tend to rely on elaborate extra-linguistic institutions, for example: declaring, baptizing. 
There is no declarations speech acts found in the dialogues containing the strategy of the Management of Face in the novel. In whole story, the writer only found one example of this speech act. The dialogue is presented as follow.
‘I, Captain Nemo, on March 21, 1868, have reached the South Pole; and I take possession of this part of the world. ’ (page 87)
			Beside the examples of the single illocutionary acts found in the utterrances as presented above, the writer finds some examples wich have more than one illocutionary acts, those are:
1.	'But an incident which may force you to return to land again,’ I said.
He gazed at me with a curious expression and shook his head, as if to say that nothing on earth could make him do so.
(Captain Nemo)'The Nautilus is not lost, M. Aronnax. Our voyage has only just begun and I have no wish to lose your company so soon.’(dialogue no. 16)
	Captain Nemo has two intentions by uttering ‘the Nautilus is not lost’. The first intention is asserting that the Nautilus is not lost. And the second intention is promising M. Aronnax that the Nautilus will continue her expedition under the sea. The first intention belongs to representatives speech acts and the second intention belongs to commissives speech acts.
2.	'Very good, M. Aronnax,' replied Ned, 'then I will eat lion-steak if there are no other four-legged animals on the island.'
	'Ned is beginning to worry me,' said Conseil.
	Conseil’s utterance in the dialogue above has two intentions, expressing Conseil’s feeling that he worries about Ned, and asking Ned not to make him worried. The first intention belongs to expressives speech acts and the second intention belongs to directives speech acts. 
3.	My first words were of thanks to my two companions. Ned and Conseil had saved my life. All my thanks could not repay them.
‘My friends,’ I said, ‘I shall always remember this, and shall find some way to repay you.’ (dialogue no. 26)
M. Aronnax has two intention in his utterance in the dialogue above. The first intention is thanking. He thanks his friends who had saved him. The second intention is promising. He promises his friends to remember their good repay what they did for him. By saying the utterance above, M. Aronnax produces expressives and commissives speech acts.