CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
This section includes background of the study, problem of study, objective of the study, significance of the study, scope and limitation of the study and definition of key terms. Each of these items is discussed clearly as follows.
1.1	Background of the study
Every utterance is made in a particular place, at a particular time and it occurs in a certain situation. It is made by a particular person (the speaker) and it is usually addressed to other persons (the listener). The speaker and the listener are of crucial centre because both of them have multiple roles in utterance.
Deixis is the ‘indexical’ property of a closed class consisting of demonstratives such as their reference which is determined in relation to the point of origin of the utterance in which they occur Grundy (2000: 272).

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All linguistic form used to point at something are called deictic expression, such as I, me, you, here, there, now, then, etc. some sentences of English are virtually impossible to understand if we do not know the four part to be uttered such as who is speaking, the time and place of speaking, the gesture of the speaker and the current location in the discourse. Deixis is used to indicate people through person deixis (me, you), location via spatial deixis (here, there) or time through temporal deixis (now, then). The interpretation of all these expressions depends on the way the speaker and listener share in the same context. In fact, deixis should act as a constant reminder to theoretical linguists of the simple but immensely fact that natural languages are primarily designed, so to speak, in face interaction Levinson (1983: 54)
Traditionally categories of deixis are person, place, and time. Person deixis concerns the encoding of the role of participant in the speech event in which the utterance in question is delivered; the category is the first, second, third person. For example: I think this given an event worse impression of Indonesia politics. Familiar ways in which participant role are encoded in language are of course the pronouns and their associated predicate agreements. Place deixis concerns the encoding of spatial location relative to the location of the participant in the speech event. For example: this country needs good leader. Time deixis concerns the encoding of temporal point and spans relative to the time at which an utterance was spoken (a written message inscribed) for example: I cannot go there. To these traditional categories, we should now add (following Lyons and Fillmore) Discourse (or text) deixis and social deixis. Discourse deixis has to do with the encoding of reference to portions of the unfolding discourse in which the utterance (which includes the text referring expression) is located. Social deixis concerns the encoding of social distinctions that are relative to participant role, particularly aspect of the social relationship holding between speaker and addressee (s) or speaker and some referent. Levinson (1983: 62-63)
In a consistent way, some words in the language cannot be interpreted at all unless the context like here, there, this, that, now, then, yesterday as well as most pronouns such as I, you, him, her, and them. There is virtually impossible to understand if we do not know who is speaking, about whom, where and when. For example: They’II have to do that tomorrow, because they aren’t here now. Out of context, this sentence is extremely vague. It contains a large number of deictic expressions (they, that, here, tomorrow and now) which depend for their interpretation on the immediate physical context in which they were uttered Yule (1985: 99).
This study researches the use of deixis, there are five types of Levinson’s theory namely, person, place, time, discourse and social deixis which is focused on the social deixis that explains on the social status and social characteristic of the references especially for person. The aspect of social deixis in this research is comment; it is more crucial and getting more attention than other types. In discussing social deixis, we cannot separate from person, place, and time and discourse in speech event. The participants are showed in the speech event, time is expressed in the event occurs, location is explained at the point of utterances and social deixis and discourse deixis are relevant in the context.
The source of this research is the readers’ forum of Jakarta Post because readers’ forum is one of columns which contain some opinions and comments and it covers up to date issues. Readers’ forum also includes some opinions and comments with its various forms of opinion from every perspective of live such as education perspective. It also shows the way of expressing their opinion with their own language. In addition, readers’ forum is one of column for the readers to give their opinion about a topic that is discussed in a issue (up to date). The Resources and Directories of the Jakarta Post.
This research has relation with previous research on this field. Choiriyah (2006) her study found that the third person deixis is written when the journalist want to show the people who do not refer to the speaker or addressee, time deixis is appeared to point the certain period of time, place deixis describe a location of a participant of speech event, social context and discourse deixis is used to refer to some portion of discourse.
1.2 Problem of the Study
In line with the above description, the problem proposed is
1.	How is deixis used in readers’ forum of the Jakarta Post Newspaper?
2.	How is the frequency of each deixis used in readers’ forum of the Jakarta Post Newspaper?
1.3. Objective of the study
Based on the statement of the problem above, the objective of the study is to identify the deixis used in the utterances of readers’ forum of Jakarta Post Newspaper.
1.4 Significance of the Study
The present study provides some significance: first, supposed to understand more for myself especially about the types of deixis and expected to be able to enrich in teaching and learning discourse analysis area theoretically and practically.
Second, the writer hopes it will be able to useful for discourse’s lectures that concern discourse’s lecture can get more information about the readers’ opinion and honesty in giving comment and suggestion about the current issue especially in education. Furthermore it can add special term used in education and apply the research as a source comparison so the research can be used as the examples for the discourse teaching reference.
Third, for student of English department, it can understand about the reference clearly which related to the origin for the language in readers’ forum, especially the pronoun “you” which can be deictic or non deictic.
1.5 Scope and Limitation of the Study
The scope of this research is deixis using Levinson theory namely, time, place, person, social and discourse deixis. This research is focused on the analysis of Deixis found in readers’ forum. The theory of Deixis which is used to analyze is Levinson’s theory which covers the concepts of person deixis, place deixis, time deixis, discourse deixis and social Deixis. To show how the deixis is used in utterance of the readers’ forum of the Jakarta post Newspaper. Data in 10 readers’ forums discussing about comment in the education topic from Jakarta Post published on January – Mei 2011 which contain the allusive word (Indirect reference). 
In limitation explained as follows: The writer limited It does not discuss larger than topics on politics, socials, religions, cultures, but the writers discuss about comment from readers’ forum in the education topic from Jakarta post.
1.6 Definition of Key Term
To avoid misunderstanding and misinterpretation of the key term used, The writer defined some term as follows.
1. Deixis is the ‘indexical‘ property of a closed class consisting of demonstratives such as their reference is determined in relation to the point of origin of the utterance of Readers’ forum of Jakarta Post.
2. Person deixis is realized with personal pronouns.
3. Place deixis is a speaker can refer to something that is in the vicinity or further away.
4. Time Deixis is deictic reference to a temporal reference point.
5. Social deixis involves the marking of social relationship in linguistic expression with direct or oblique reference to the social status or role of participants in the speech event.
6. Discourse Deixis is deictic reference to a portion of discourse related to the speaker’s current location in the discourse.
7. Reades’ forum is one of column in the Jakarta Post which contains some opinions and comment.

CHAPTER II
REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Discourse  Analysis
This research review some topics related to deixis. The discussion of readers’ forum in the Jakarta post Newspaper which in can be found deixis person, place, time, social, and discourse. The researcher then started to analyze the data one by one, by applying analysis the usage of the five types of deixis.

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Brown and Yule (1983: 27) state” that the discourse analyst’s approach to linguistics data differs from that of the formal linguist and lend to specialized use of certain terms.” Here, because the analyst is investigating the use of language in context by a speaker or writer, then he is more related with the relationship between the speaker and the utterance or expression. So, the discourse analyst, according to Gillian Brown and George Yule, is describing what speakers and hearers or listeners are doing, and not the relationship between one sentence or proposition and another. Generally, it means that the analyst. Analyst the matters in the different point of view than the formal linguist. The analysis is more about the contents, although, the structure is unusual. For the example is Obama’s famous statement, “change, we can”. In the term of structure, it will be usual or formal if it is structured as “ we can change”. But here the discourse analysts find out the amazing meaning, that can be certain motivation toward listener. Because the insisted thing here is the “ change”, that”s why the word change is in the fist place of sentence. 
Meanwhile, Renkema (1993: 1) states” explained that discourse study is the discipline devoted to the investigation of the relationship between form and function in verbal communication.” In addition, discourse analysis covers an extremely wide range of activities from the narrowly focused investigation of how word such as ‘oh’ or ‘well’ are used in casual talk, to the study of the dominant ideology in a culture as represented, for example, in its educational or political practices. When it is restricted to linguistics issues, discourse  analysis focuses on the record (spoken or Written) of the process by which a language is used in some context to express intention.
In addition, discourse analysis is a general term for a number of approaches to analyzing written, spoken or signed language use Yule (1996: 83 – 84)
Brown and Yule (1983: 27) states ”The discourse analysis is describing what speakers and hearers are doing and not the relationship which exists between one sentence or proposition and another”. So, that the discourse analysis is speakers and listeners are crucial centre of the utterance and also the central of the object in speech and writing.
2.2 Reference
Reference is treated as an action on the part of the speaker or writer Brown and Yule (1983: 28). In addition, Strawson in Brown and Yule (1983:28) states, also claims that reference is not something an expression does; it is something that someone can use an expression to do.
Nursamsu (2009: 39) states “In pragmatics it is assumed that words do not refer to anything by themselves and it is people who in order to grasp the communicated idea perform an act of identifying what the speaker meant. This act is called reference.” Finch (1998: 160) States “Reference knowledge is fuller and more resistant to systematic analysis than sense knowledge, but we rely on it a good deal to determine whether statements are acceptable or not.” 
Brown and Yule (1983:192) state that a reference can be divided into endophoric and exophoric. Endophoric is releted to the interpretation lies within a text while exophoric is related to the interpretation lies outside the text. There are two kinds of endophoric: anaphoric and cataphoric. The identities of the presupposed items are given previously and refer to presupposition is called anaphoric, next presupposition is given in the beginning and presupposed items at the end is called catephoric.
For example;
Anaphoric : The student of STAIN should be diligent students, open your mind
(your refer back to the students)
Cataphoric : Open your mind, the students of STAIN should be diligent students
(your refer forwards to the students)
“Some deictic words can also be used as anaphoric items. Anaphora is a kind of secondary reference in which a previous reference is recalled by use of special function word or equivalent lexemes”. Kreidler (1998: 145)
Yule (1996: 17) considers that reference is as an act in which a speaker or writer uses linguistics form to enable a listener or reader to identify something. It is clearly tied to the speaker’s goals and the speaker’s belief. Namely the listener is expected to know the particular thing, in the use of language. The reference expression forms can be a proper noun (for example, ‘Shakespeare’, Hawaii’), noun phrases which are definite (for example, ‘the author’, the island’) or indefinite (for example, ‘a man’, ‘a beautiful place’) and pronouns (for example, ‘he’, ’her’, ‘it’, ‘them’). Lyon in Yule (1983: 28) says that the relationship which holds between words and things is the relationship of reference: words refer to things. According to writer, first thing that should be available here, is the same paradigm between speaker and listener. In the time speaker said, “give me your John Echols”. The listener should effort to build an understanding that He or She is impossible to give “person by name John echol”, and ask his or her self is there another thing related to John echol? If the paradigm between speaker and listener is same the word “ John Echol” will automatically referred to the dictionary, written by John Echols.
There appears to be a pragmatic connection between proper names and objects that will be conventionally associated, within a socio-culturally defined community, with those names. Using proper name referentially to identify any such object invites the listener to make the expected inference (for example, from name of writer to book by writer) and thereby show him or herself to be a number of the same community as the speaker. Yule (1996; 20 – 21)
Meanwhile, Yule (1996: 19) there is a convention that certain expressions will be used to identify certain entities on regular basis. It is the people’s daily experience that may cause to assume that referring expressions can only designate very specific entities. For example, the word ‘Yule’ can only is used to identify one specific person. With certain given context, ‘Yule’ will refer to the book not a person. Consider the following utterance;
Ton : “May I borrow your Yule?”
Ann : “Yup, it is there in my bag.”
The example above that reference can be established from the convention. Given the context just created, the intended referent and the inferred referent would not be a person but probably a book.
Sometimes it is hard to draw the line between text and context since the same forms may be used to signal important information in either domain. A good example of this is the referential use of demonstratives in English (e.g., this, that). Consider the following examples:
1.	child (pointing at food on the plate in front of him): what’s this?
2.	Claude thinks we should postpone the picnic. What do you think of this?
In the first example, the referent of this is the food on the child’s plate. The referent is clear because the child is physically pointing to what he is talking about. We call this situational (or deicitic) reference, which is part of context. In the second example, the referent of this is an idea previously mentioned in the on going discourse “we should postpone the picnic.” We refer to this type of reference as textual (or anaphoric) reference because we find the referent in the prior text. Murcia (2000: 2-3) 
2.3 Inference
Brown and Yule (1983:256) describe inference is process which the reader or hearer must go through to get from the literal meaning of what is written or said to what the writer or speaker intended to convey. In addition, reference is the collective term for all possible implicit information which can be derived from a discourse. The term inference (from the Latin ‘inferre’ meaning ‘to carry in’) is used to denote the phenomena that discourse summons up knowledge or information which can be used to understand the information. Renkema (1993: 158)
Furthermore, Grundy (2000: 7) explains that inference is an understanding of its indirect meaning to get an understanding from the literal meaning. So the receivers or hearers obviously have to draw inferences or come to conclusions as to what the writer or speaker intends to convey. For example: “I am a man”. The meaning of these words that is conveyed by the writer is more important than the literal meaning of the utterance. It means somebody who said he is a man; it is not only to convince that he is really a man but also to show his power. So, the readers or hearers create the meaning by what they take the words to mean and how they process the sentence to fond out the meaning.
Cummings (2005: 75) states that there is important sense in which the notion of inference forms the cornerstone of pragmatics. If we told that all the girls in Mr. John’s class are smokers and that Ann is a girl in Mr. John’s class, we can go on to conclude that Susie is a smoker. In driving this conclusion, we are effectively making explicit information that is contained implicitly within what we have been told. This extraction of new, implicit information from given, explicit information is the basis of the process of inference.
Moreover, He states that there are three categories of inference will be examined – deductive, elaborative and conversational inferences. Each of these categories of inference is closely associated with particular areas of enquiry – deductive inference with the logic and semantic, elaborate inferences with psychology and artificial intelligence and conversational inferences with pragmatics. However, it will become clear from subsequent discussion that all of these inferences not just conversational inference are integral to an understanding of pragmatics phenomena within a multidisciplinary perspective.
Meanwhile, Yule (1996: 17) asserts that for successful reference to occur, the hearer must also recognize the role of inference. It means that reference and inference can not separated to each other. Because there is no relationship between entities and words, the listener’s task is to infer correctly which entity the speaker intends to identify by using a particular referring expression. So, when the hearer or reader have no direct access to a speaker’s or a writer’s intended meaning in producing an utterance, they often have to rely on process of inference to arrive at an interpretation for utterances or of connections between utterances.
2.4 Deixis
Levinson (1983) defines that deixis is reference by mean of an expression whose interpretation is relative to the context of the utterance, such as who is speaking, the time or place of speaking, the gestures of the speaker or the current location in the discourse. The interpretation of utterances depends on the analysis of that context of utterance.
Furthermore, deixis is pervasive in languages, probably because, in indicating ‘when’, ‘where’, ‘who’, ‘what’, and so on, it is very useful to start with the coordinates of the situation of utterance Griffiths (2006: 14) 
In all languages there are many words and expressions whose references rely entirely on the circumstances of the utterance and can only be understood in light of these circumstances. This aspect of pragmatics is called deixis. Fromklin, (1985: 225)
Renkema (1993: 76) says that the word ‘deixis’ which is derived from the Greek work meaning ‘to show’ or ‘to indicate’ is used to denote those elements in a language which refer directly to the situation. So, deixis is used to point something in order to be clear what the speaker means. It is used in verbal communication that refers to the meaning based on the available context of what the speaker intends to convey in a certain utterance.
Deixis is a technical term (from Greek) for one of the most basic thing we do with utterance. It means that ‘pointing’ via language. All linguistics forms used to point at something are called deictic expression, such as I, me, you, here, there, now, then, etc. some sentences of English are virtually impossible to understand if we do not know the four part to be uttered such as who is speaking, the time and place of speaking, the gesture of the speaker and the current location in the discourse. Deixis is used to indicate people through person deixis (me, you), location via spatial deixis (here, there) or time through temporal deixis (me, you), location via spantial deixis (here, there) or time through temporal deixis (now, then). The interpretation of all these expressions depends on the way the speaker and listener share in the same context Yule (1996: 9)
These are words like here, there, this, that, now, then, yesterday. As well as most pronouns are such as I, you, him, her, and them. Some sentences of English are virtually impossible to understand if do not know who is speaking, about whom, where and when. For example: They’ll have to do that tomorrow, because they aren’t here now. Out of context, this sentence is extremely vague. It contains a large number of deictic expressions (they, that, here, tomorrow and now) which depend for their interpretation on the immediate physical context in which they were uttered Yule (1985: 99)
Meanwhile, the traditional categories of deixis are person, place, and time. Briefly, as we shall devote a section to each below, these categories are understood in the following way. Person deixis concerns the encoding of role of participant in the speech event in which the utterance in question is delivered; the category is first person, second person and third person. Familiar ways in which such participant role are encoded in language are of course the pronouns and their associated predicate agreement. Place deixis concerns the encoding of spatial location relative to the location of the participant in the speech event. Time deixis concerns the encoding of temporal point and spans relative to the time at which an utterance was spoken 
(a written message inscribed) Levinson (1983: 62)
To these traditional categories, we should now add (following Lyons and Fillmore) Discourse (or text) deixis and social deixis. Discourse deixis has to do with the encoding of reference to portions of the unfolding discourse in which the utterance (which includes the text referring expression) is located. Social deixis concerns the encoding of social distinctions that are relative to participant role, particularly aspect of the social relationship holding between speaker and addressee (s) or speaker and some referent. Levinson (1983: 63)
The importance of deictic information for the interpretation of utterances is perhaps best illustrated by what happens when such information is lacking. Consider, for example, finding the following notice on someone’s office:
I will be back in an hour
Because we do not know when it was written, we cannot know when the writer will return. Or, suppose we find a bottle in the sea and inside it a message which reads:
Meet me here a week from now with a stick about this big
We do not know who to meet, where or when to meet him or her or how big a stick to bring.
The many facets of deixis are so pervasive in natural language, and so deeply grammaticalized that it is hard to think of them as anything other than an essential part of semantics. Deixis belongs within the domain of pragmatics, because it directly concerns the relationship between the structure of languages and the contexts in which they are used. The important point, wherever the pragmatics or semantics boundary is drawn, is that deixis concerns the encoding of many different aspects of the circumstances surrounding the utterance, within the utterance itself. Levinson (1983: 54 – 55)
2.4.1 Person Deixis
According to levinson (1983:68) that person deixis is reflected directly in the grammatical categories of person. The grammatical category of person directly reflects the different roles that individuals play in the speech event: speaker, addressee and other Horn and Ward (2004:112) person deixis is realized with personal pronouns. The speaker as first person, “I” direct the utterance to the listener as second person, “you” and could be talking about a third person, “he” or “she”. Renkema (1993: 77).
In addition, cummings (2005: 23) state that person deixis has been shown to depend on aspects of social deixis and also person deixis of vocative expressions can also be shown to be socially constructed and hence dependent on social deixis. Consider the following utterances:
		A: shall we go out for watching Ayat – Ayat cinta movie?
		B: We expect to have salary for the year			
In both of this utterance the first person plural pronoun ‘we’ is being used. However, it is only the first utterance that ‘we’ can be taken to include the addressee within its referent, in the second utterance, ‘we’ is exclusive of the addressee. The language of these utterances does not encode this distinction in person reference – the pronoun is the same in both utterances. Rather, what leads us to include the addressee within the reference of ‘we’ in the first utterance but not in the second utterance is the difference in social settings of these utterances and the impact of this difference on the social role of the participants.
2.4.1.1 First Person Deixis
	First person deixis is the grammaticalization of the speaker’s reference to himself Levinson (1983: 62). Meanwhile, first person deixis is deictic reference that refers to the speaker or both the speakers and reference grouped with the speaker and it is expressed in a singular pronoun and a plural pronoun.
The singular pronoun are:
•	I
•	Me
•	Myself
•	My
•	Mine
The plural pronouns are:
•	We
•	Us
•	Ourselves
•	Our
•	Ours
For example
A: I think this country needs good leader.
The word “I” in this utterance is referring to the speaker (A) and it is expressed in a singular pronoun.
Here some kinds of the first person deixis
•	Exclusive first person deixis
•	Inclusive first person deixis
	Exclusive first person deixis is refers to a group not including the addressee, for example: Adam is a moslem and he becomes speaker in million Christian.
Adam  : Our religion is honest
	Inclusive first person deixis is deixis that refers to a group including the addressee. For example that Mulyani is one of Indonesia people who become Politician
Mulyani : we are Indonesia people and we must obey the government’s roles.
	So, in many languages, there are two first person ‘plural’ pronouns, corresponding to ‘inclusive of addressee’ and ‘exclusive of addressee’ Levinson (1983: 69)
2.4.1.2 Second Deixis Person								According to Levinson, (1983: 62) second person deixis is deictic reference to a person identified ad addressee (you, your, yours, yourselves).
	According to Grundy (200 :24) ’you’ has a much more general reference. The word you, can be used both deictically, when the context is required to determine the reference and none deictically, when the reference is general rather than to particular identifiable persons. The uses of ‘you’ can be represented diagrammatically in the figure below.

Diectic form

	‘You’ is also used in English in a much wider range of social content than would be represented by a single second reference term in most other languages.
	Furthermore, he states that sometimes ‘you’ might be thought to pick up out the addressee(s) and identify him/her/them as the referent. Consider the following utterance; Teacher said to the students that:
You must study hard and read your book clearly.
	“You” in this utterance is not only refer to the special student (addressee) but also refer to the all students and it can be women and man.

2.4.2 Place Deixis
	Place deixis concerns the encoding of spatial location relative to the location of the participants in the speech event. Probably most languages grammaticalize at least a distinction between proximal (close to speaker) and distal (sometimes close to addressee). But many make much more elaborate distinction as we shall see .In deictic adverb of place (like English here vs. there). Levinson (1983:62).
	In place deixis, can be realized not only by the use of demonstrative pronouns, but also by the use of adverb of place “here” and “there” Renkema (1993: 78). Thus here and there may be the most direct and most universal examples of spatial or place deixis. As the first approximation, English here denotes a region including the speaker, there is a distal region more remote from the speaker Horn and Ward (2004: 116)
Furthermore, Yule (1996: 94) states that place indication takes part in the deictic system or language by virtue of the fact for many locating expressions the location of one, or another, or both, of the speech act participant can serve as a spatial referent point. The concept of distance is considered relevant to spatial deixis, wherever relative location of things is being indicated. Contemporary English uses only two adverbs: here and there. There are some verbs of motion, such as go and come, which retain a deictic sense when they are used to mark movement toward the speaker. Consider the following utterance;
Sorry, I can not go there
	It means that the speaker can not come to the addressee’s place. It does not refer to other places and it is a distal place deixis.
	Meanwhile, for most but not all speaker of English, there is a proximal demonstrative, that (pl.those). Each may be used either as a pronoun or in combination with a noun. Although demonstrative encoding two degree of proximity to the speaker, as in English, is the commonest pattern across languages. Other place deictic include: Here (proximal), there (distal), where (and the archaic hither, hence, thither, thence, whither, whence)
	Left, right
	Up down, above, below, in front, behind
	Come, go, bring, and take (Grundy, 2000:28)
	For example: A: I stand in front of you
	‘In front’ indicates the place deixis it means that the speaker going to that place (in front).
	Yule (1996: 93) states that there are three different ways to point out whether place deixis refers to; those gesture, symbolic and anaphoric.	Gesture is used by which it can be property interpreted only by somebody who is monitoring some physical aspects of the communication situation. For example:
	John : I want to put it there
	You have to know where the speaker is pointing in order to know what place he is indicating.
	Symbolic use of a deictic expression means that interpretation involves merely knowing certain aspect of the speech communication situation, whether this knowledge comes by current perception or not. Consider the following utterance;
	A: is Ann there?
	This time we understand the word ‘there’ as meaning ‘in the place where are you’.
	Anaphoric is the use of expression that can be correctly interpreted by knowing what other portions of the same discourse that expression is referential with anaphoric use of an expression, which can be seen in the sentence. Consider the following utterance;
	I read my book in library and I put it there.
	In that case, the word refers to a place which been identified earlier, namely library. Adding up, the point  is that place deixis is used to describe the location in which the participants produce the utterance in the speech event.
2.4.3 Time Deixis
	Time deixis would seem to be a simple form of deixis. The language resources are the adjectives of time in the line ”Yesterday – now – tomorrow“ and the verb tenses. The verb, however, sometimes also has another function besides referring to a specific time Renkema “1993: 79).
	Time deixis concerns the encoding of temporal point and spans relative to the time at which an utterance was spoken ( a written message inscribed). This time, following Fillmore, in Levinson (1983: 74) we shall call coding time or CT, which may be distinct from receiving time or RT. Thus, just as place deixis encodes special locations on co-ordinates anchored to the place of utterance, so time deixis encodes time on co-ordinates anchored to the time of utterance. Time deixis is commonly gramaticalized in deictic adverb of time (like English now and then, yesterday, and this year), but above all in tense.Levinson (1983: 62). Time deixis is appeared to point the certain period of time when the speaker produces the utterance and when event occurs.  
	According to Levinson, (1983: 75) the deictic word yesterday, today and tomorrow pre-empt the calenderical or absolute ways of referring to the relevant days. Further aspects of the interaction of calenderical reckoning and time deixis arise when we consider complex time adverbials like last Monday, next year or this afternoon. These consist of deictic modifier this, next, last etc.
	According to writer time deixis is appeared to point the certain period of time when the speaker produces the utterance and when event occurs.		Here is a list of some of the deictic items whose referent can only be determined in relation to the time of the utterance in which they occur.
	This/ last/ next Monday/ week/ month/ year
	Now, then, ago, later, soon, before
	Yerterday/today/tomorrow
	Although making such a list is relatively simple, the use of time deictic is not always so straightforward. For example: if a mother says to her child (Ann) at beginning of July.
	“I hope you are going to do well this year"
	She knows that this year refers to the school year. If a mother says it on 24 may, her birthday, it refers to year up until her next birthday.
	Another important time deictic is the tense system. In fact, almost every sentence makes reference to an event time. Often this event time can only be determined in relation to the time of the utterance. Grundy (2000: 32)

2.4.4 Social Deixis
	Social deixis involve the marking of social relationships in linguistic expression with direct or oblique reference to the social status or role of participants in the speech event. Horn and Ward (2004: 119)
	In other word, social deixis concerns the encoding of social distinctions that are relative to participant role, particular aspects of the social relationship holding between speaker and addressee (s) or speaker and some references. Levinson (1983: 63)
	Social deixis concerns that aspect of sentences which reflect or establish or are determined by certain realities of the social situation in which the speech act occurs Fillmore in Levinson (1983: 89). There are of course many aspects of language usage that depend on these relations, but these usages are only relevant to the topic of social deixis in so far as they are grammaticalized. Obvious examples of such grammaticalizations are ‘polite’ pronouns and titles of address, but there are many other manifestations of social deixis. Brown in Levinson (1983: 89) So, in conclusion, social deixis is reference to the social characteristics of, or distinctions between, the participant or referents in a speech event.
	According to Levinson (1983: 90-93) there are two basic kinds of socially deictic information that seem to be encoded in language around the word such as relational and absolute.
	Relational social deixis is deictic reference to a social relationship between the speaker and an addressee, bystander, or other referent in the extra linguistic context.
Consider the following utterance;
	Dr. Williams is conducting a lecture
	Williams is conducting a lecture
	Imagine situation in which the first utterance is produced by secretary (the speaker) to a student (the addressee). The secretary reflects the superior social status of the lecture both to herself and to the student through the use of an academic title and last name. The same student leaves the secretary’s office and runs into some of his friends. He produces the second utterance above in response to their query concerning the whereabouts of Dr Williams. On this occasion, the student’s use of last name alone is reflection of the social status that he shares with his peers.
	The other main kind of socially deictic information that is often encoded is absolute rather than relational. In addition, absolute social deixis is deictic reference to some social characteristic of a referent (especially a person) apart from any relative ranking of referents. Often absolute social deixis is expressed in certain forms of address. The form of address will include no comparison of the ranking of the speaker and addressee; there will be only a simple reference to the absolute status of the addressee. And it should be attended  too, that social deixis is showed to indicate the distinction of the participants in case of the social context.
For example: Mr. president

2.4.5 Discources Deixis
	Discourses deixis has to do with the encoding of reference to portions of the unfolding discourses in which the utterance (which includes the text referring expression) is located. Instances of discourses deixis are the use of that and this. Levinson (1983: 62) in both spoken and written discourses, there is frequently to refer to earlier or forthcoming segments of the discourse. Discourses or text deixis concerns the use of expressions within some utterances to refer to some portion of the discourse that contains that utterance. We may also include in discourses deixis a number of other ways in which an utterance signals its relation to surrounding text Levinson (1983: 85).
	Meanwhile, in discourse deixis, linguistic expressions are used to refer to some part of the wider discourse (either a written text or an oral text) in which these expressions occur. A written text both occupies space and is composed and read at certain points in time. A similar temporal dimension is conferred on an oral text through the time-specific acts of speaker production and addressee reception. Given these spatial and temporal aspects of oral and written text, it is unremarkable that discourse deixis should be expressed through many of the same linguistics elements that are used to express space (place) and time deixis. Cumming (2005:28). Furthermore, as conversations and indeed, relationships, develop, participants continually revise their situated meanings. Paul Gee (1999: 81)
	Discourse deixis is to be distinguished from a related notion, that of anaphora. In addition, to return to straightforward issues in discourse deixis, there are many word and phrases in English, and no doubt most languages, the indicate the relationship between an utterance and the prior discourse. Examples are:
Utterance-initial usage of but, therefore, in conclusion, to the contrary, still, however, anyway, well, besides, actually, all in all, so, after all, and so on. (Levinson, 1983: 87)
	Moreover, discourse deixis shares with anaphora and cataphora (cataphoric, if the reference is to subsequent discourse) the capacity to function as a text cohesion device. Cummings (2005:29) for example:
Ton  : I have never seen her
Joke : That’s a lie
	The pronoun ‘that’ does not seem to be anaphoric (unless it is held that it refers to the same entity that Ton’s utterance does a preposition or truth value) nor does it quite seem to be discourse deictic ( it refers not to the sentence but perhaps to the statement made by utterance that sentence). Levinson (1983: 87)
	Based on those statements the writer may conclude that discourse deixis is used to refer to discourse that contain the utterance or as a signal and its relation to surrounding text.

Previous Studies
	This research consists of previous study that has been done by the University student. The researcher found some thesis that relevant with this research. Hasanah (2004) studied on deixis of the headlines of kompas during the general election 2004. In her study, she classified the deixis into five kinds of deixis namely person deixis, place deixis, time deixis, discourse deixis and social deixis. That was written by journalist. The first person deixis is written when the journalist want to show the speaker who produced the utterance and third person deixis was expresses when the journalist want to show the people who did refer to the addresses. Place deixis is used to describe a location relative to the location of a participant in the speech event. Discourse deixis is used to refer some portions of discourse that contains the utterance or as a signal and its relation to surrounding text. Moreover, social deixis is shown to indicate the distinction between participant related to the certain social context in which the utterance is employed.
	In addition, Wahyuningtyas (2004) studied deixis of advertisement published in Jakarta Post. She analyzed the telecommucation tools advertisements of the Jakarta Post using three kinds of deixis namely person deixis, time deixis, place deixis. First person deixis is used to show that the advertisers as procedure of telecommunication tools. The second person deixis are used to indicate the reference to the addresses that they are the future users of the telecommunication tools and third person deixis are expressed when the advertisers want to show the people who are not the speaker or addressee. Time deixis is used to show certain period of time when the advertisers give their service to the user. Furthermore, the place deixis is used to describe the location of the participant in the speech event, as well as what have been shown in the context.
	In accordance with the previous discussion, there are many researchers who have conducted the research on the same field, yet they have different subjects and theories. However, in this research I take English Newspaper as an object and analyzed the deixis used in readers’ forum especially in comments using Levinson theory.  

TABLE TYPES OF DEIXIS  
Types of deixis	Deictic expression 	Example	
Person deixis

•	First person deixis

•	Second person deixis	I, you, we

•	I, me, my self, my, mine
We, us, ourselves, our, ours 

You, your, yours, yourselves	A: Shall we go out for watching Ayat – ayat cinta movie?

B: We expect to have salary for the year

•	I think this country needs good leader

You must study hard and read your  book clearly	
Place deixis 	here, there, where (and the archaic hither, hence, thither, thence, whither, whence)
left, right, up, down, above, below, in front, behind, come, go, bring, take	I stand in front of you	
 Time deixis	Yesterday, now, tomorrow	I am not here now	
Social deixis	Obvious examples of such  grammaticalizations are ‘polite’ pronouns and titles of address, but there are many other manifestations of social deixis.	Dr. Williams is conducting a lecture.
Williams is conducting a lecture.	
Discourse deixis	But, therefore, in conclusion, to the contrary, still, however, well, besides, actually, all in all, so, after all, that, this, and so an.	Ton  : I have never seen her
Joke: That’s a lie 	

CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD
This chapter presents the research method. It discusses the method used in conducting this study. The discussion covers research design, population and sample, variable, data and data source, data collecting method and instruments, and technique of data analysis.
3.1 Research Design
Creswell (2009:3) states research designs are plans and the procedures for research that span the decisions from broad assumption to detailed methods of data collection and analysis. Research design refers to the general strategy followed in gathering and analyzing the data necessary for answering the question at hand. It is the plan of attack for the problem under investigation. This research used quantitative descriptive approach because it is intended to investigate the effectiveness of using deixis in the readers’forum of the Jakarta post newspaper.
In this research, the writer uses quantitative approach to know the result of data. So it needs the statistical data of result which is the dominant one. By using the statistical data, it can be used to know the frequency of occurrence of each type of deixis used in Jakarta Post reader’s forum. In addition, the researcher describes the real data that focus on deixis types which were found in Jakarta Post reader’s forum.

32

Ary (2002: 442) Based on the numbers of subject and objective, this study can be categorized into descriptive. Descriptive is a research method applied to written or visual material for the purpose of identifying specified characteristics of the material. The analyzed materials can be textbooks, newspapers, speeches, television programs, advertisements, musical compositions, or any host of other types of document.  Data that would be analyzed in this research, was all in the form of words. Means, data source was printed media Jakarta Post  that focused in the readers’ forum. Besides, existing data was expressed naturally with rich description of particular setting under study because it was concerned with the context. 

3.2 Data and Source of Data
	The data of this study are sentences containing deixis which is categorized in five types (person deixis, place deixis, time deixis, social deixis, discourse deixis). Those sentences were taken from readers’ forum at Jakarta Post Newspaper in January - Mei 2011 edition. There are 16 data in the readers’ forum which is published January – Mei 2011 but the writer will take only 10 datas which discussed the topic of education. 

3.3 Population and Sample
1.	Population
Population is the whole subject of research (Arikunto, 2006: 130). The population of this study was five deixis types. They are person deixis, place deixis, time deixis, social deixis and discourse deixis.

2.	Sample 
According to Arikunto (2006, 131), sample is a group of units which is from a larger group to represent it. The sample of this study is ten comments in the readers’ forum at Jakarta Post Newspaper in January - Mei 2011 edition. There are 16 data in the readers’ forum which is published January – Mei 2011 but the writer will only take 10 datas which discussed the topic of education. They are the comment from:
a.	Robby Kaware, Jakarta.
b.	Manangtea, Palangkaraya Middle Kalimantan.
c.	Kevin James, Mumbai.
d.	Gef Collins.
e.	James Waworoendoeng, California.
f.	Syarif, Bogor.
g.	Maurice Gold, Sanur Bali.
h.	David Orok, Sabah Malaysia.
i.	K. Highlander, Jakarta.
j.	Jean Yves, Denpasar Bali.

3.4 Method and Instrument of Data Collection 
There are six methods of collecting data namely test, questionnaire, interview, observation, rating scale, and documentation. To collect the data which are related to the problem, the writer uses documentation method. Documentation technique is to find out the written data such as notes, books, newspapers, magazines, and historical documentation (Arikunto, 2006:129).  
	Research instrument is very important to obtain the data of research for it is a set of method which is used to collect data. Quantitative research has actual setting as the direction source of the data and the researcher is the key instrument since it is the researcher herself who undertakes the data analyzes them as well.
	Based on the research question, the data of the research are analyzed in following steps. Firstly select the education topics which contain the allusive utterance that has particular reference based on types of deixis namely person, place, time, discourse and social deixis. Second. Underlining the utterances contain deixis such as utterances that have particular reference namely person, place, time, discourse and social deixis, Third, arrange the obtained data based on time of published such as writing firstly published on January – Mei 2011.

3.5 Technique of Data Analysis
	Data analysis is the process of sytematically searching and arranging the interview transcript, field note and other materials that the researcher accumulates to increase own understanding of  them.(Biklen kopp sari : 145) After the data collected, the next step was data analysis, where the collected data from the readers’ forum was analyzed using the following steps:  
1.	  	Identifying data on the basis of deixis usage, the type, and reason of deixis. Because the approach is a quantitative, researcher developed a coding system to organize data. Developing coding system involves several steps: search through data for regularities and pattern as well as for topic data cover, and then write down words and phrase to represent these topics and patterns (Biklen kopp sari : 145).
After all the deixis expressions in all dialogues  had been highlighted, the researcher then started to analyze the data one by one, by applying analysis the usage of the five types of deixis.

2.	Discussing and summarizing the finding
In this step, the researcher shows what type of the five types of  deixis in the readers’ forum the Jakarta Post Newspaper. Afterwards researcher classified them in their own class and took a conclusion of those five deixis types that used in the forum.
3.	Counting the frequency of occurring the used type of deixis.
The writer counts the frequency of occurrence by the types of deixis which appear in ten comments that found in Jakarta Post forum readers’. To find the percentage of frequency in each of deixis types appearance (person deixis, place deixis, time deixis, social deixis, discourse deixis), the writer uses the formula: 
   
P = Percentage of each type of deixis.
Fg = Frequency of each type of deixis.
		Tf = Total frequency of deixis.

CHAPTER IV
RESEACH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

	This chapters present the research findings and discussing. The data are classified based on the research problem such as how are deixis in readers’ forum of the Jakarta Post.
	There are 16 data in the readers’ forum which is published January - Mei 2011 but I take 10 data which discussed the education topic.
4.1 Research Findings
Data 1
We must learn from the Netherlands, where bicycle lanes and sidewalks cover the city. We can assign government officials to go to the Netherlands to perform “comparative study”
Their bicycle and pedestrian lanes are well managed, safe, clean and sufficiently wide to accommodate pedestrians and bike riders comfortably. Unlike in Indonesia, in the Netherlands, motorists respect bikers and pedestrians. 

           No wonder people in the Netherland love to walk and bicycle so much, particularly during fine weather. I have noticed that almost every family has at least one bike. This is because the cost of ownership and operation of a car (gasoline, taxes, parking and tolls) are intentionally made very expensive. 

          In fact, until the 1960s in Surabaya, people were still able to enjoy sidewalks and bike lanes (built by the Dutch colonial ruler)
In those days, along the sidewalks in the Tunjungan shopping area, for example, there were many well-dressed pedestrians roaming leisurely or sitting at sidewalk cafes reminiscent of downtown Amsterdam or Paris with their electric trams.

Robby Kaware
Jakarta

39

Context
This utterance is written by Robby Kaware in the readers’ forum of the Jakarta Post  which is published on June 01, 20011. He states his commentary is about “Learn about bicycle lanes from Holland”
The first paragraph contains three deixis, two same words that have same explanation and one different word. They are: (we) found in first and second line, (where) found in the first line. (We) is a deictic expression, because it is a pronoun that refers to the writer himself, also to another person that has relation; in this case, Indonesian society. Those same words can be included into inclusive plural form first person deixis because it encompasses everybody without specializing a certain group. While (where) is also a deictic expression due to its function to substitute certain place means; in this case, is Netherland. This words was wrote after mentioning “Netherland” by purpose to show its close relationship, so that it can be included into place deixis.
Next deixis we can find in third paragraph, there are two deixis types, first is person deixis (I) found in the second line and discourse deixis (this) found in the third one. The word (I) is a deictic expression and a pronoun that refers only to the writer no others. By this consideration it can be categorized as exclusive first person deixis. Then, the word (this) is a single word but represent complex meaning that is mentioned or explained before; in this case, it is about almost every family bike ownership in Netherland due to the expensiveness of car ownership and operation. Due to that cause, we may conclude that that word is included into discourse deixis.
In the fifth paragraph, we can find two different types of deixis, they are time and place deixis. The word (those) in the first line, is deictic expression which refers to the many days before 1960 in Surabaya when people still be able to enjoy sidewalks and bike lanes. Because of it refers to days, such as we know that day is related to the time or moment, so that the word (those) here can be included into time deixis type. While the word (there) which found in the second line, gives us a description about the street condition of Tunjungan shopping area in 1960s. the word (there) refers to Tunjungan shopping are that is clearly named as place, so that it can be included into place deixis type.

Table 4.1
Frequency of occurrence of deixis types
Types of Deixis	Frequency	Percentage	
Person Deixis	3	37%	
Place Deixis	2	25%	
Time Deixis	1	13%	
Social Deixis	-	0%	
Discourse Deixis	2	25%	
Total	8	100%	
Data 2
You could not expect the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) and the inspectorate general to put end of the educational mafia. They are just outside of the micro-system, which do the job on a case basis.
We have to work together. The concept of say what you see is must be implemented. People who are close the fraudulent educational system should speak up because they have more knowledge on the issue and they have their own interest to get rid of the educational mafia out of their backyard.
Manangtea
Palangkaraya, C. Kalimantan
Context
This utterance is written by Manangtea in the readers’ forum of the Jakarta Post  which is published on June 01, 20011. he states his commentary is about “Our educational system has a mafia”
The first paragraph only contains one deixis type which we can find it in the first line it is (You), and it is non deictic  expression because writer wants to point it to the all readers, even men or women which are not in exact place and time with the writer. Every time they read the paragraph, they will be pointed by the writer. That’s way the word “you” is not deictic expression, and it can be categorized as second person deixis. And the second one is the compound word “educational mafia” which can be found in second line. Basicly, the title mafia is addressed to person who conducts illegal job, such as selling heroin, and live in what we named black-world. But here, this title is combined with education, while the education itself is very legal fields of job. It is a contradicted term, if we see it in the language definition point of view. But the writer and readers will naturally agree to the meaning of “educational mafia” by person who conducts illegal deeds in the fields of education, such as selling answers of national exam question in order to get the profit for himself. Based on this consideration, it can be included into social deixis. 
The next paragraph contains also two deixis. First is the word “we” found in the first line. It is deictic expression which refers to the writer first, and all the readers with no exception of a certain group such as teachers, students, or army, it doesn’t matter if the reader is a man or woman, young or old, rich or poor, all of them is included into the target the writer points to. So that it can be categorized as inclusive plural form first person deixis. And the next one is the word “you” we can find in the first line too, it is deictic expression which refer to the readers. The writer wants to deliver his own idea to the readers although they are not in one place and time. It can be included into second person deixis.

Table 4.2
Frequency of occurrence of deixis types
Types of Deixis	Frequency	Percentage	
Person Deixis	3	75%	
Place Deixis	-	0%	
Time Deixis	-	0%	
Social Deixis	1	25%	
Discourse Deixis	-	0%	
Total	3	100%	

Data 3
Mochamad Subhan Zein reveals that Indonesia has an educational mafia. It is not only state education’s senior administrators who do not want to develop programs that cannot provide personal financial benefits. Our company’s engineering solutions encounter far too many “what’s it for me” administrators in many other Indonesian state sectors, including SOEs.
I am writing this from India, where our company’s cost saving technologies have been embraced by senior administrators running various state owned power stations, railways and oil refineries. In many ways, India is currently far behind Indonesia. But like South Korea before it, India will soon catch up and overtake Indonesia, because India’s civil administrators put concern for their country over personal gain.
Kevin James
Mumba
Context
This utterance is written by Kevin James in the readers’ forum of the Jakarta Post  which is published on June 01, 20011. he states his commentary is about “Our educational system has a mafia”
There are two of deixis types we can find in this paragraph, the first is the word “our” in the third line and the second is the word “me” in the fourth line. The word “our” is possessive pronoun that refers to Indonesian society, while the writer is not an Indonesian. It is deictic expression, and by considering to whom it refers it can be included into exclusive plural form first person deixis. While the word “me” is deictic expression which currently does not refer to the writer because he just adopted the statement from Mochammad Subhan Zein, and it also doesn’t refer to Subhan Zein because he just explains his idea about what happened in Indonesia company’s engineering solutions. The word “me” is pointed toward certain administrators in Indonesia who thinks and works more for his own profit and not for society goodness by Subhan Zein. Then it can be categorized as exclusive singular form first person deixis.
In the next paragraph, there are six words included into deixis types. First word is “I” in the first line, it is deictic expression which refers to the writer, Kevin James, which gives his comment from India. And it can be categorized as first person deixis. And the second word is “this” found in first line too. It is deictic expression which refers to all words and sentences he wrote, it would be unefficient utterance if he repeat all words and sentences every time he wants to restate his statement. By using the word “this” he totally can restate his statement briefly. Because “this” refers to the statement above which consist of many words, it can be categorized as discourse deixis. The third word is “where” found in the first line too. It is deictic expression and by looking at sentence before, we can conclude that it refers to India and it is commonly known that India is indicating to the country which take a place in the part of earth. So that the word “where” here can be included into place deixis. Then the fourth word is “our” found in the first line too. It is deictic expression, and if we make a linkage between the sentence with the sentence before, we may conclude that it refers to writer and his society in Mumba, India. But the comment is pointed to Indonesian society. Then we may conclude that the word “our” at current sentence can be included into exclusive plural form first person deixis. The fifth word is “behind” found in the fourth line, it is deictic expression and basicly function to point the place geographically. But here, the fact says that Indonesia is not behind India in geographic point of view and if we more pay attention to the current utterance, it explains about the position of Indonesia toward India in some fields, such as economic, social, culture etc. The point here is the word “behind” points the position of Indonesia, although not in reality, toward India. So that it can be can categorized as place deixis. And the last word is “before” found in the fourth line too. Here the writer wants to explain the condition that happens between India and Indonesia is a same with condition between South Korea and Indonesia in the case of country development. The word “before” will bring us to the past months or years when South Korea caught up and overtook Indonesia in many fields. So that it can be included into time deixis.

Table 4.3
Frequency of occurrence of deixis types
Types of Deixis	Frequency	Percentage	
Person Deixis	4	51%	
Place Deixis	2	25%	
Time Deixis	1	12%	
Social Deixis	-	0%	
Discourse Deixis	1	12%	
Total	8	100%	

Data 4
Great to see someone is providing quality education, unfortunately there is a major problem. The title says: Good education does not need a price tag.
If only it were true. This school, or any significant school is only possible with funding; “Enough donations to afford to build a two-story building... The school also has music and art laboratories, and a design classroom.” What would be great to see is if the business sector and government got more dedicated to investing in education and ultimately the prosperous future of Indonesia.
Gef Collins
Context
This utterance is written by Gef Collins in the readers’ forum of the Jakarta Post  which is published on January 28, 20011. he states his commentary is about “Good education does not need a price tag”
At this paragraph, there are three words in different types of deixis. First is the word “unfortunately” found in the first line, it is non deictic expression but conjunction that shows linkage between first and second sentence. This word will not be able to be understood if there is no sentence or statement to be referred or related to. And because it referred to the statement made by the sentence before, it can be included into discourse deixis. While the second is the word “there” found in the first line too, right after the word “unfortunately”. It is deictic expression which identically refers to a place. In this case, it refers to the place where someone is providing quality education. We can notice it in the first sentence. By considering the writer purpose, it can be categorized as place deixis. And the last word that included into deixis type is “this”, found in the third line. It is deictic expression and the writer, Gef Collins, used it to point the place of quality education providing, means school. Because of this word points to the place where the meant school is built and stood, it can be included into place deixis.

Table 4.4
Frequency of occurrence of deixis types
Types of Deixis	Frequency	Percentage	
Person Deixis	-	0%	
Place Deixis	2	67%	
Time Deixis	-	0%	
Social Deixis	-	0%	
Discourse Deixis	1	33%	
Total	3	100%	

Data 5
I propose a more basic reform to achieve two goals: Accelerating economic growth and developing our education sector, which, I believe, will meet real national needs, and, to create a climate that is more conducive to pursuing higher standards of life.
We have to redesign the role of government to that of setting and maintaining basic standards and funding. Use funding as an incentive/tool to achieve desired governmental goals. Government has to divest itself of unfruitful bureaucracies that are neither efficient or effective.
Align programs and systems (curriculum and accreditation) with that of well-established developed nations whose accumulated educational histories and experiences have been perfected or are continuously perfected.
Liberalize visa eligibility to enable selected/and targeted educational experts and professionals. When China embraced and set its national course, taking great leaps to get there, an accelerated economic development program, it signed educational, technology and scientific agreements with its long-time foe, the USA. Political and religious ideologies were not allowed to be barriers in their pursuit of modernization.
I personally believe Indonesians can address the educational mess and be a great nation. It will take effort, a system, planning and good and sound thinking.
Practical steps: Assemble a special commission dedicated to reform and modernization, increase the national budget for scholarships and grants to study overseas, immediately reform selected faculties in our universities so that they are able to grow and be excellent in strategic areas of science and technology.
James Waworoendeng
California
Context
This utterance is written by James Waworoendeng in the readers’ forum of the Jakarta Post  which is published on June 01, 20011. he states his commentary is about “Education Reform”
This data consists of six paragraphs which contains ten deixis. They are : 1. (I) found in the first line of first paragraph, 2. (Our) found in the second line of first paragraph, 3. (I) found in the second line of first paragraph, 4. (We) found in the first line of second paragraph, 5. (When) found in the second line of fourth paragraph, 6. (There) found in the third line of fourth paragraph, 7. (I) found in the first line of fifth paragraph, 8. (Will) found in the second line of fifth paragraph, 9. (Immediately) found in the third line of last paragraph, 10. (Our) found in the third line of last paragraph.
The first one is (I), it is deictic expression which refers to the current comment writer of the Jakarta Post readers’ Forum, James Waworoendeng. It is clear that it can be included into singular form first person deixis. While the second one is (our), it is deictic expression in the form of possessive pronoun. This word refers to all Indonesian society who cares about the education of Indonesia, wherever they are. Because of it doesn’t limit its reference to the certain groups or class, then it can be included into inclusive plural form first person deixis. The third is (I), it merely has a same explanation with the first one. It is singular form first person deixis.
The fourth is (we), it is deictic expression and the writer, James Waworoendeng, pointed Indonesian society by it, especially who has role and power to redesign the role of government, in this case it could be MPR or the presidential cabinet. So that it can be included into exclusive plural form first person deixis. 
And the fifth is (when), it is deictic expression which basicly concerned to the term of time. Here the writer, James Waworoendeng, tried to explore his idea about the moment China embraced and set its national course to produce an accelerated economic development program and other sector. And because of it talked about the time, it can be included into time deixis. So the sixth is (there) which is deictic expression. It refers to the place where China made significant development of economic and education fields, we can noticed it at the fourth paragraph. Because of it references to the place, it can be included into place deixis. 
The seventh is (I), it is deictic expression and also has a similar explanation with above. ), it is deictic expression which refers to the current comment writer of the Jakarta Post readers’ Forum, James Waworoendeng. And it can be included into singular form first person deixis. And the eighth is (will), it is deictic expression because it points to the moment of speaking. It is simple future tense, and it explains about the probable event that happens in the next time. So that it is time deixis since it points to the moment of speaking.
While the ninth is (immediately), this word is adverb and identically means conducting the deed without wasting time or waiting any longer. And it is commonly understood that it is concerned with the time, and because of that, it can be included into time deixis type. And the last is (our), it is deictic expression which refers to writer, James Waworoendeng, and all Indonesians society. Although the word “universities” mentioned in the text are formally not belonging to every citizens of Indonesia, but it is commonly agreed that all education institute established by Indonesian and funded by Indonesia government are also mentally belonging to all citizens of Indonesia. Because they also joined in the funding by tax repayment. So that, it can be included into inclusive plural form first person deixis.

Table 4.5
Frequency of occurrence of deixis types
Types of Deixis	Frequency	Percentage	
Person Deixis	6	60%	
Place Deixis	1	10%	
Time Deixis	3	30%	
Social Deixis	-	0%	
Discourse Deixis	-	0%	
Total	10	100%	

Data 6
We must not lose sight of whatever good system we have or will have later on. It will depend on the doers in the system itself. As long as the doers are the people who implement their belief in God well, corruption will be wiped out. Why? Because they feel that God is keeping an eye on them 24 hours a day.
Syarif
Bogor
Context
This utterance is written by Syarif in the readers’ forum of the Jakarta Post  which is published on January 07, 2011. he states his commentary is about “Graft eradication in 2011 curriculum”
This paragraph contains six words that can be categorized as deixis. The first is word (we) found in the beginning of paragraph. It is deictic expression which refers to the writer, Syarif, and all Indonesian society due to the discussed matter is about Indonesia education sector. So that it can be included into inclusive plural form first person deixis. The second word is the same, it is (we) found in the first line and functions as (we) before. It is deictic expression which refers to the writer, Syarif, and all Indonesian society. It is inclusive plural form first person deixis. The third is the word (will) which indicates future tense form. It can be included into time deixis since it points to the moment of speaking. The fourth and fifth words are the same with the third, the fourth is in the second line while the fifth is in the fourth line. Both indicate future tense form and can be included into time deixis since both point to the moment of speaking. And the last is the word (a day), it is used deictically because it shows the frequency of God keeping eye on human. We can see it at the last sentence of paragraph. Every time we talk about frequency, it will be concerned to the time. So, the word (a day) is time deixis. 
Table 4.6
Frequency of occurrence of deixis types
Types of Deixis	Frequency	Percentage	
Person Deixis	2	33%	
Place Deixis	-	-	
Time Deixis	4	67%	
Social Deixis	-	0%	
Discourse Deixis	-	0%	
Total	6	100%	
Data 7
This is simultaneously hysterical and sad. It is hysterical because the eradication of corruption will mean less pocket money for officials, and that will never be allowed. It is sad because unless corruption is seriously tackled, Indonesia will be a morally bankrupt Islamic state. 
I do hope that some part of this will become part of the curriculum, but how does a corrupt teacher in a corrupt system teach a generation of children that they deserve a brighter, corruption-free future?
 My cynical take is that this is a step in the right direction, but implementation will be ‘allowed’ to wither.
 Maurice Gold
Sanur, Bali
Context
This utterance is written by Sanur in the readers’ forum of the Jakarta Post  which is published on January 07, 2011. he states his commentary is about “Graft eradication in 2011 curriculum”
The first word of paragraph (this) is deictic expression which refers to statement of including an anticorruption module in the 2011 curriculum. It is strong enough related to the statement found in the text of readers forum above. So that it can be categorized as discourse deixis due to its relationship to the statement above. And the next three words, has same function. They are the word (will) found in the second and third line. They indicates the form of simple future tense which shows the event that has probability to be happen. And it is time deixis since it points to the time of speaking. 
In the next paragraph, we will find word “I” as the opening paragraph, it is deictic expression which refers to the writer, Maurice Gold. It can be categorized as first singular form person deixis. And the word (this) found in the first line of second paragraph is deictic expression and refers to the statement above, it is about including anticorruption module in the 2011 curriculum. And it is discourse deixis due to its relationship to the statement above. And the word “will” found in the first line of second paragraph has the same explanation with before. It indicates the form of simple future tense which shows the event that has probability to be happen. And it is time deixis since it points to the time of speaking. 
And the last paragraph contains four deixis, first is the word “my” in the first line. It is deictic expression and possessive pronoun which refers to the writer, Maurice Gold. It can be included into singular form first person deixis. The next word is “this” found in the first line too, it also has a same explanation with the word “will” before.  It is time deixis. So the word “but” in the first line, is deictic expression which is related to the statement before. It won’t be understood if there is no statement or sentence to be referred or related to, and it can be included into discourse deixis because it has relationship to the statement before that tlak about including anticorruption module in the 2011 curriculum. And the last deixis is word “will” found in the last line of last paragraph. It indicates the form of simple future tense which shows the event that has probability to be happen. And it is time deixis since it points to the time of speaking.

Table 4.7
Frequency of occurrence of deixis types
Types of Deixis	Frequency	Percentage	
Person Deixis	2	22%	
Place Deixis	-	-	
Time Deixis	4	45%	
Social Deixis	-	0%	
Discourse Deixis	3	33%	
Total	9	100%	

Data 8
It has been proven by research that farmer inject their animals with growth hormone. We consumers actually consume these hormones through eating the meat of livestock that we buy in the market! This is the reason why our children are growing up faster!
David Orok 
Sabah, Malaysia
Context
This utterance is written by David Orok in the readers’ forum of the Jakarta Post  which is published on 16 Mei, 20011. He states his commentary is about “Jakarta’s girls growing up quickly”
	This paragraph contain five words that can be categorized as deixis. The first is the word (We) in the second line, it is deictic expression which refers to the writer and Indonesian society. Because it is not pointed to the certain or special group of person, so that it can be included into inclusive plural form first person deixis.The second is word (these) is deictic expression which refers to statement of including an hormone in sold-meat at the markets. So that it can be categorized as discourse deixis. Next, is the same word and explanation as first word (we). Then, the word (this) is a single word but represents complex meaning that is mentioned or explained after; in this case, it is about the reason why our children are growing up faster, we may conclude that that word is included into discourse deixis. And the last word is (Our), it is possessive pronoun and deictic expression, Adding up, this possession refers to the writer and Indonesian society. This sentence insists the position of children that belong to the writer and Indonesian society. This word can be categorized as plural form of first person deixis.

Table 4.8
Frequency of occurrence of deixis types
Types of Deixis	Frequency	Percentage	
Person Deixis	3	60%	
Place Deixis	-	             0%	
Time Deixis	-	0%	
Social Deixis	-	0%	
Discourse Deixis	2	40%	
Total	5	100%	

Data 9
That the police would attempt to extort money from someone caught in possession of marijuana is not at all surprising. What is surprising is that their superiors would act to prevent this. 
Is this a sign that the police are starting to act like police or is just that these cops were freelancing and depriving their superiors of their share of the “cigarette money”?
 K Highlander
 Jakarta
Context 
This utterance is written by K Highlander in the readers’ forum of the Jakarta Post  which is published on April 04, 2011. He states his idea is about Police abduction of student ‘barbaric’
The first word of paragraph (this) is deicitic expression which refers to statement prevent to extort money from someone caught in possession of marijuana. So the word “this” is the first paragraph, it can be included into singular form discourse deixis. And the next word (this) in the second line has same explanation and categorization with the first one.
While the word “cigarette money” can be interpreted into two meanings, first is the eraned money from selling cigarettes legally, and second, concerned to the context, is the earned money from extorting the owner of marijuana. In this case, that word can be understood in the second meaning by the readers. This natural agreement can make it be included into social deixis.
Table 4.9
Frequency of occurrence of deixis types
Types of Deixis	Frequency	Percentage	
Person Deixis	-	0%	
Place Deixis	-	             0%	
Time Deixis	-	 0%	
Social Deixis	1	33%	
Discourse Deixis	2	67%	
Total	3	100%	

Data 10
This comment refers to Herry-Priyono’s article titled “Citizenship education is key to religious deradicalization” in The Jakarta Post of May 12. Indonesia has inefficient mechanisms of construction of national identity.
 First, there is an excessive use of nationalistic symbols (Pancasila, Bhinneka Tunggal Ika, NKRI) as if symbolism were sufficient to unite the country. This is a very naive approach, as many national economic policies, especially seen from the point of view of the provinces, often run counter to this much vaunted national unity and may even create the conditions for separatism.
 Second, religion should be taught as knowledge rather than faith — including basic principles, history (in its contradictions) sects etc. To set religions side by side in the name of the imagined innate tolerance of Indonesians, while the believers ignore one another, is very naïve.
 In fact Indonesia may soon be reaching the point where, in the construction of the identity of its citizens, religious belonging is more important than national belonging. The teaching of religion such as it is understood today only emphasizes the phenomenon. By emphasizing faith in the teaching of religion, one underlines its irrational content and subsequent irrational behavior. 
Indonesians should be united through the economy rather than through “symbolic” manipulation. And religion should be taught on the basis of the acceptance and understanding of differences, not as the affirmation of the superiority of one’s own system of belief.

Jean-Yves, Denpasar, Bali
Context 
This utterance is written by Jean-Yves
in the readers’ forum of the Jakarta Post  which is published on May 19,2011. She states her idea is about Citizenship education
This paragraph contain two words that can be categorized as deixis. By considering the writer purpose, it can be categirzed as discourse deixis. And the first word that included into deixis type is (this), found in the fifth line. It is deictic expression and the writer, Garuda, used it to point the discourse of symbolism were sufficient to unite the country. So that it can be included into it can be categirzed as discourse deixis. And the second word that included into deixis type is (this), it is a single word but represents complex meaning that is mentioned or explained after; in this case, it is about national unity vaunting and may even creating the conditions for separatism.

Table 10
Frequency of occurrence of deixis types
Types of Deixis	Frequency	Percentage	
Person Deixis	-	0%	
Place Deixis	-	0%	
Time Deixis	-	0%	
Social Deixis	-	0%	
Discourse Deixis	2	100%	
Total	2	100%	

(TOTAL KESELURUHAN)
Table 4.11
	Total Frequency of occurrence of deixis types	
Types of Deixis	Frequency	Percentage	
Person Deixis	23	40%	
Place Deixis	7	12%	
Time Deixis	13	22%	
Social Deixis	2	4%	
Discourse Deixis	13	22%	
Total	58	100%	

4.2 Discussion	
By considering this result the writer thought that the most easy used and understood deixis is person deixis, that’s why it was the most often used than another and it had been being familiar in daily communication language of the populace. While the time and discourse, actually both were merely in the different functions. And it was time deixis which was easily used and understood than discourse deixis, because of time deixis has clear deictic expressions form and the key words. While discourse deixis needs more attentions and deeper understanding in order to be able to label “it is discourse deixis”. Such as we knew that discourse deixis is merely concerned and related to the past sentence, it is the real and so clear difference with time deixis. While place deixis is actually familiar too in daily communication language, but it is not so easy used because of it needs a certain word to be referred. And the last is social deixis. it can be classified into difficult type of deixis because it needs a large understanding and deep interpretation. That’s why social deixis is not as often used as others. 

CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
           This chapter presents the conclusions concerning the result of the study. It also proposes some suggestions for lectures and readers on teaching and learning of English reading in order to improve the students’ mastery on English.
5.1 Conclusion
Based on the research finding and discussions, the conclusion is described below:
1.	 The deixis types, they are, person deixis: I, me, my self, my mine, we, us, ourselves, our, ours, you, your, yours, yourselves. Place deixis: here, there, where (and the archaic hither, hence, thither, thence, whither, whence) left, right, up, down, above, below, in front, behind, come, go, bring, take. Time deixis: yesterday, now, tomorrow. Social deixis: Obvious examples of such  grammaticalizations are ‘polite’ pronouns and titles of address, but there are many other manifestations of social deixis. Discourse deixis: But, therefore, in conclusion, to the contrary, still, however, well, besides, actually, all in all, so, after all, that, this, and so an.

2.	
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Here it is  the summarize of percentage of deixis usage in readers’ forum of Jakarta post. The person deixis is the one which reached great level than another, means it was used by 23 times or 40%. The next is time deixis usage which was in the second level. And discourse deixis was also being in the same level with time deixis. Both were used 13 times or 22%. While place deixis was used by 7 times or 12% from the whole. And the most rarely used deixis is social deixis type, it was just used by twice or 4%. 
            The deixis used on readers’ forum of Jakarta Post using Levinson theory consists of time, place, person, social and discourse deixis. Time deixis is appeared to point the period of time when the utterance is produced by the speaker and even occurs. Then, the place deixis used to indicate to certain location of participant in a speech event. As well as have shown in context. In the case of person deixis which is discussed in this research, the data finds the complete person deixis namely, first person deixis and second person deixis. Person deixis used when the sender wants to explore the inspiration to the addressee. Social deixis is expressed on the social status which   is included into relational social deixis, social status and social characteristic which is incorporated into absolute social deixis of the reference. The social characteristic is not used in the comment. And the last is discourse deixis, the discourse deixis found not in the sentence which is spoken but to the purpose behind of the statement made by speaker or writer to utter that sentence. There will be a need of hard interpretation to get the meant purpose by the writer or speaker.

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5.2 Suggestion 
Based on the discussion of the result and the conclusion, I formulate the suggestions for the other researchers to conduct further research on type of deixis. Several points could be recommended. Firstly, for the senders of the letter of the Jakarta Post Newspaper should consider the words or sentences that will be presented in the news in order that the inference being conveyed is easily understood by the readers. Adding up, It is also recommended to the readers to know the context of news in order that they can arrive at the intended messages written by the sender. Secondly, for the students to determine the kind of deixis and should have good comprehension on context and contents of the news by reading the whole text, it will enable them to avoid having wrong interpretation.

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