TAWARAN PARADIGMA SOSIOLOGI AGAMA PERSPEKTIF PEMIKIRAN MALIK BENNABI

M. KHARIS MAJID, 1890502220020 and MUJAMIL QOMAR, 196503011993031003 and SYAMSUN NI'AM, 197302142000031001 (2025) TAWARAN PARADIGMA SOSIOLOGI AGAMA PERSPEKTIF PEMIKIRAN MALIK BENNABI. [ Disertasi ]

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Abstract

As a Muslim sociologist, after Ibn Khaldun, who studied the phenomenon of civilization as a sociological phenomenon, Malik Bennabi can also be said to be a philosopher and reformer who can be compared to Muhammad Iqbal. Bennabi was a prominent critic of Orientalism long before Edward Said published his famous critique in 1979, as a threat to the historical orientation of Muslims. Bennabi has many works, including al-Zahirah al-Qur'aniyyah, Wijhah 'alam al- Islamiy, al-Sira' al-Fikriy fi Bilad al-Musta'mirah, Baina al-Rasyad wa al-Tih, Ta'ammulat, fi Mahabi al-Ma'rokah, and others that are included in the series Musykilat al-Hadharah. Essentially, the discourse of the sociology of religion is epistemologically a development of the study of religions (religious studies). The field of religious studies in the West is essentially the field of religious studies itself, which was born in the past from Western imperial culture. This is because, since its inception, it, along with other disciplines, has been imbued with Eurocentric and Christocentric sensibilities. This is evident in how Western scholars conceptualized religion. For example, Auguste Comte, Edward Burnett Tylor, and James George Frazer viewed religion as a primitive or backward tendency. Similarly, three key figures in the modern sociology of religion, Emile Durkheim, Max Weber, and Karl Marx, also conceptualized religion negatively. From this, it can be seen that this research builds upon the potential of research rooted in Malik Bennabi's background. The objectives of this study include: 1. Building the integrity of Malik Bennabi's central concept in the discourse of the sociology of religion, 2. Building a paradigm of the sociology of religion free from colonial influence through Malik Bennabi's thoughts, 3. Formulating a contextual sociology of religion approach to the religious experience of Muslim society through Malik Bennabi's thoughts. This study is a research on the thoughts of figures using the Qualitative Content Analysis method. This study uses a constructivism-interpretivism research paradigm model. The approach used in this study is socio- historical and philosophical. The results of this study include: First, the concepts of al-Tajdid (renewal) and al-Bina’ al-Ḥaḍhari (development of civilization) demonstrate the need for a new approach in the sociology of religion rooted in religious values. Al-Tajdid emphasizes intellectual and spiritual renewal to escape dependence on the West, while al-Bina’ al- Ḥaḍhari offers a framework for social development with religion as its foundation. Therefore, the sociology of religion needs to shift from a secular paradigm to an integrative approach based on Islamic epistemology. Thus, the proposition is that if the approach in the sociology of religion is freed from the Western secular model and directed towards al-Tajdid and al-Bina’ al-Ḥaḍhari, then the approach can transform from merely descriptive to transformative. Second, an understanding of religion free from colonial influence can give birth to an autonomous sociology of religion paradigm. The proposition is that if religion as the motor of civilization is used as a basis for formulating a new paradigm in the study of the sociology of religion, then the path will be opened to the formation of a free and autonomous approach. Third, religion plays an active role in shaping society and civilization. Therefore, an authentic sociology of religion must stem from the spiritual, intellectual, and historical experiences of the people, not from Western secular generalizations. This approach encourages the emergence of a sociology of religion that is contextual and rooted in the lived realities of religious communities. The proposition is that when the experiences of religious communities are used as a legitimate source of knowledge, the sociology of religion will be contextual, participatory, and free from Western generalizations that are often irrelevant to Muslims.

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